Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumerism - Essay ExampleOn the mho thought economist would not suggest such a thing if they have not seen or observed the importance of practicing it. The website thefreedictionary.com (2007) gave two definitions regarding consumerism. The first one was stated as the theory that an increasing breathing in of goods is economically beneficial, economic theory - (economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods) and the separate one as a movement advocating greater protection of the stakes of consumers crusade, campaign, cause, drive, effort, movement - a series of actions march on a principle or tending toward a particular endIf we are to tackle the event with regards to the contribution of citizenship to it, consumerism as a theory on increasing of consumption of goods is beneficial, and then this claim would be in effect if the support of the citizen pertaining local anesthetic goods and services is evident. ... The first thing th at a local consumer must(prenominal) consider and think is the fact that local products are dependent on local consumers and local grocery and producers deem the importance of local market more than foreign market- the need here is the support of the local market in order for the local products to earn its name and made an impact to the society. Like the stages that some of the producers and marketers undertake, considering and penetrating the local market is their outmost priority in order to earn its reputation and to be able to penetrate a much higher market like the foreign market. In this case, it is ceremonious that the need of the support of the local citizens where the product has been produced. To further understand the aforementioned premise and the study per se, it is consequential to know the definition of citizens as a local market. The definition as well as credit of these people as an important part of consumerism would further help us in analyzing their conflict in this study. The website wikipedia.com (2007) implied two meaning with regards to citizenship. The first definition reads as citizenship is membership in a policy-making confederacy (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e., be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it) it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a stateIn the given definition of wikipedia, its second definition seems to be the appropriate area of interest in this study. The next

Criminology Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminology Theory - interrogation Paper ExampleTheories allow scholars to make hypotheses, which be tested through empirical research in order to come up with assumptions that make us understand the world better. Theories, which depict the causation of crime, are complex but studies from the past and present helps the researcher in understanding the behaviors among criminals. These theories are used to follow the best causes of action that can be used in order to ensure that crime is prevented from disaster in our society. Traditionally, punishment was very harsh and the police used brutality when recording statements from suspects without having to understand why certain people committed certain crimes. In addition, the punishments meted out on convicts were harsh and as a result, scholars begun to study criminology in order to ensure that punishments were fair (DeMelo, 2001). Classical School Before 1789, the law system, punishment, and admission fee to justice were barbaric. The classical schools interest was not the study criminals but it focused on understanding the legal processes and law making. According to this school of thought, criminals knew the consequences of their actions and they even weighed the options before they engaged in each criminal activity. In addition, punishment was designed for the purposes of deterring crime and it was tormentful than the delectation one got from engaging in any criminal activity. ... The human behavior is motivated by attainment of pleasure and the ability to repeal pain. Natural law reveals actions that people should not be engaged in, but the punishments that criminals received were not confirmation in nature, but brutal. No forms of punishments that criminals receive should be used to take way a souls happiness while in the society. This is because according to Beccaria, a person is ready to relieve a minute amount of happiness in order to live in a secure and belittled environment. Men do not want to be under scrutiny at all propagation and they feel more independent when the scrutiny is at the minimum (Beccaria 2009). Pleasures in human beings can be described as that of skill, wealth, sense, amity, piety, and benevolence. In addition, a good name, malevolence, memory, power, relief, and expectation constitute to feelings of pleasure in a person. Pleasures can be complex or simple. People will do everything to ensure that they have pleasure as opposed to pain. Pleasures and pains are caused by certain actions, however, the amount of the pleasure or pain felt is not proportional to the causing effect. Since majority in the society look for pleasure at all metres, Bentham notes that people should be given a free will to enjoy their lives as enormous as they do not inflict pain on others (DeMelo, 2001). On the other hand, Bentham focused on utilitarianism because he believed greatest happiness for the majority. This could not be achieved without changing the justice system because the leadership of that time was corrupt and barbaric. The people, according to Bentham measure the probabilities between future and present pleasures against future

Elements of reasoning and intellectual standards Coursework

Elements of reasoning and intellectual standards - Coursework ExampleThe problem arising is that the professorship failed to visit the swamp torn area in the boarder where many children got affected. The information should be from a presumptive source. In this article, Perry was quoted in a CNN interview saying that the American people expect to see their President when in that respect is a disaster and that president Obama showed up in Sandy and not in Texas (Cohen, Payne, & Ford, 2014). This information is credible as it is given to the global word of honor caster.The news article should also highlight the concept or the way the exit is supposed to be approached at a given time. The concept here is that the American president needs to gull a close attachment with the people and therefore he should have been with the children in the flood area. The clash arose when the president said that going to a crisis area is only meant for a photo shot implying that there is no need of moving to the area. This attributes of the president have been likened with the acts of the former president George W. Bush who decided not to visit the Gulf coast when it was affected by the storm Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He opted to fly with the Air Force One hence got a lot of reproval from the in the public eye(predicate) for detaching himself from the victims (Cohen, Payne, & Ford, 2014). It is recommended that the president should at least send some representatives than being silent or even criticizing that event for doing so he may be portrayed as if he is not concerned with the people.The article should portray fairness in its way of representation meaning that the editors should be fair in their news release. The intellectual standards have been used as we can see the involved actors are responding to criticism. The governors state their criticism about the event and the president states his view on how he thinks is supposed to happen.In my own opinion, I think the art icle is biased because the criticism towards the president does not

Importance of Path Dependence in Management Essay

Importance of Path Dependence in Management - Essay ExampleThe sozzled implication is that actors in a particular process become locked-in machines that are themselves a product of historical contingencies. This perspective holds that phenomena are interlacing, and, therefore, a result of mutually interacting variables which produce non-linear dynamics and feedback loops. The complexity of the discourse on organisational change and innovation has only increased. This is occasioned by two divergent views. The first view holds that new and to a greater extent flexible or fluid organisational forms are on demand while the second view holds the picture in organisational inertia and the historical necessity of decision making (Garud, Arun, and Peter, 2009760). These two views have confronted managers who have to symmetry between new ideas and customs of an organisation or an industry. This is just aboutly influenced in concepts such as entrepreneurial mindset where actors are more driven by the logic of control which drives them to effectively actualise complex processes. This has made path dependence essential to managers as they struggle to understand the basic factors underlying most organisational processes and past successes while linking them with the realities of the moment to improve sustenance of an organisational performance and effectiveness (Coombs and Hull, 19971-26). In a oddball study of Toyota production system (TPS), the perspective of change as a path dependence phenomenon promotes the brilliance of this concept in management (Driel and Dolfsma, 200967). To begin with, TPS created lock-in mechanisms long before the development of a proper mechanism involving relative competition. The competitors were able to copy some of the TPS models with accuracy and create considerable competition. However, through application of its authoritative and reliable production techniques and marketing strategies, they maintained loyalty of a client base tha t believed in the products produced by Toyota (Driel and Dolfsma, 200967).

Harvard referencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harvard referencing - Essay Example operational from http//www.unn.ac.uk/ profound/isd/cite/index.htm (Accessed 21 May 2004).University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007) Lecture notes from Managing People Module Seminar 4 Online. Available from University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education VLE (Accessed 28 February 2007).Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) An engineering approach to electronic publishing, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Software Development, 25-26 March, Berlin. Los Alamitos, California IEEE Computer Society Press, pp.80-88.Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) Developing SME managers under fire negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine, ledger of Management Development, 23 (5), pp.479-495, IngentaConnect Online. Available from http//www.ingentaconnect.com (Accessed 9 June 2005). 5. PodcastUniversity of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007) Lecture notes from Managing People Module Seminar 4 Online. Available from Unive rsity of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education VLE (Accessed 28 February 2007).Pears, R. & Shields, G. (1995) Cite them right referencing made easy Online Northumbria Northumbria University. Available from http//www.unn.ac.uk/ primordial/isd/cite/index.htm (Accessed 21 May 2004).University of Liverpool (n.d) Referencing and Developing a Bibliography using the Harvard Method. Available from http//www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/referencing/referencing.htm. (Accessed 8 July

Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing management - Essay ExampleIn UK, every other person owns a alert.The idea of cell-based mobile radio service was formulated in the fall in States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular serve for commercial use with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile Tele peal (NMT) in 1981. Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. Since its introduction in the 80s, the phones place in the market developed from a minority, specialized item to an essential commodity. spheric System for Mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the piddle of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM service is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories.Over the last two decades there has been an advance in mobile technology with a significant reduction in the operating cost. The mobile phones marketability is not an overnight success but rather a systematic evolutionary development. Presently, the world is on 3rd propagation on mobile system. The 1st generation system was the initial stage which was based on one-dimensional technology. The 2nd generation is categorized by the digital technology, which includes international roaming, mobile fax, voicemail and SMS. The present system provides broader bandwidth go to the users. Now they provide services and applications that are facilitated by personal computers. It is more easy and trendy to sham your mobile phones on conferences than a lap-top, which was used in yesteryears. Mobile phones now come with

GSA Wants You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GSA Wants You - Essay ExampleAs per the niggling Business Act of 1953, humbled logical argumentes should get a fair percentage of federal contracts and that small business should be provided with the maximum practicable opportunity to engage in federal contracting. Further, the above, act constituted the SBA to friend small businesses and to make sure that they receive a fair percentage of federal contracts. Further, Congress has established a twenty-three percentage of government-wide goal for according of contracts to small businesses. GSA strongly back the participation of small business concerns in the GSA Schedules Program. GSA, in this case, may use notice of service-Disabled Veteran Owned Small Businesses Set-Aside, and in such cases, an order can be reserved for a single firm to be state as qualified firm.GSA maintains a separate portal for submission of bids by small business electronically. both probable GSA contractor must complete a chain of steps and certificati ons before the agency award access to the portal. A small-business owner should enroll for the compulsory GSA Pathways to Success online training course else he may also attend a workshop in person. A small business has to obtain DUNS result and Dun number recognizes the small business by its actual location by employing a undifferentiated 9-digit credential code. The small business has to obtain an electronic digital signature. It is advised that the small business should get to an electronic copy of the bid submitted to GSA eOffer portal

Freedom movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom movement - Essay ExampleIt also marked an alpha moment for the nigrify American society who continuously fought for equal rights within the American society (Smith & Wynn, 2009. The tour ended the application of the Jim Crow laws that upheld segregation under the principles of separate but equal. It is all-important(a) to note that former to the departure of the Civil Rights crook of 1964, African-Americans faced serious discrimination in nearly all important sectors of the economy including employment, dribble, property ownership, education and even politics. The passage of the law has since shaped the American society and that is simmer down undergoing transformation. The consequences of the passage of the Civil Rights Act 1964 have seen significant diversity in the employment sector in America. Currently, Blacks face limited if any discrimination in employment. This has seen significant growth of the American economy as every individual struggles to involve in any income generating activity. Since the passage of the Act that led to increase in employment of the African-Americans, the economy of the USA has witnessed significant stability considering fair distribution of income and reduced overreliance of the economy on the White population. Additional consequence of passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 relates to significant integration of people from contrasting races, religion and ethnicity, which is working to liquidate some of the native culture of the various American communities. In politics, the passage of the act has seen significant involvement of Blacks in the daily politics of USA. It is due to the strict provisions of the Act that America is currently under the Presidency of Barrack Obama who is a Black American. Furthermore, it is due to the Act that African-Americans bid Condoleezza Rice managed to conduct powerful government office during administration of President George Bush. Montgomery Bus ostracize (1955-1956) The cause of the boycott related to the arrest of Rose Parka who was a civil rights activist for flunk to empty a bus seat in Montgomery. The Black community responded to the arrest by boycotting transport by bus until in 1956 when court overruled the segregation laws in Montgomery as unconstitutional. This even revolutionized accessible structure and has led to free interaction between Whites and the Blacks (Phibbs, 2009). The law has seen free movement of people crossways the states by same transport means. This has worked to alienate fears of discrimination alongside enhancing trade and economic development in the USA. The event and the accompanying ruling transformed the political policies created by states and local governments. Currently, many states abide by the principles of equality and fairness that has help in political stability in America. Role of Black women in the Freedom Movement Despite being subject to gender discrimination within their own race, Black women proved an essential part of the whole Freedom Movement. Black women assumed the roles of bridge leaders to defy their male counterparts in advancing their fight for freedom. The women assumed the roles of bridge leaders because it was only area that they could occupy since men held the formal lead positions. In that line, the Black women practiced four main types of bridge leadership that included mainstream, community, indigenous and

Business Summary of each career position Personal Statement

Business Summary of each career side - Personal Statement ExampleAs a senior member on the regional transmute and Configuration Management Board (CCMB), I ensured total conformity in terms of accepted standards, equipment and software product product list achieved by evaluation, and confirming every kind of system-wide changes, and briefing the senior managers on programmed/ unprogrammed equipment changes.Further, I assisted in development and documentation of network disasters, recovery, backup and Continuity of Operation Program polices and principles only was the meticulous use of information assurance policies or managing the accessibility and indecency of resources and valuation of Service direct Agreement (SLA) delivery. Lastly, I was responsible for carrying tasks that required application of explicit principles, methodologies and procedures by ensuring the assignment is complete inwardly set periods.This required me to take full duty when MITSC Director were absent and o versee all the activities devoted to the MITSC. I also farmed out tasks and offered directions as required. I carried out different additional duties engrossed in both long and short-term planning for change and delivery of Next Generation Enterprise profits (NGEN) services within the region. Another very essential duty was developing policies for regional and local NGEN enterprise services, data centers, network control facilities and system operation units in addition to efficiently maintaining communication lines with HQMC C4, MARFORPAC regional Network Operations Support Center (RNOSC), and other MITSCs and Base, Post, Station Supporting Establishment staffs.I was elevate responsible for administering technical planning for performance of Information Technology inventiveness, competences and requirements of architecture for the tenant instructions, offering guidelines to IT check in terms of improvements in the region. I directly coordinated with Headquarters and all any o ther relevant

Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) Essay

Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) - Essay ExampleThus, it is unethical to force people to issue a turn a profitst their will if they do not want to be part of the study. I will advise him to stress consent from the fraternity members. Failure to do so will compromise the quality of the study since thither is no one who should be forced to participate in a study or on the QT recorded since this should be voluntary.If you ar asked to electrocute a stranger by Hitler, would you do it? Morally, it is not goodlyly to do something evil or harmful to an otherwise person fully knowing so I will refuse and would rather let him execute his evil intention alone.Scenario Milgrams critics are criminate him of exposing both innocent and naiive subjects under unfavorable emotional strain and pressure in his quest to gain knowledge through uncouth means. However, he justifies his actions by highlighting the difference between his nave subjects and the human race in the electronic c hair. He argues that the nave subject is free to leave unlike the man in the electric chair who is helpless thence cannot move.The argument by his critics is more convincing since good search should not expose the research subjects to harm or emotional stress. The nave subject is unsophisticated therefore cannot be used as a reliable source of data in a research. He was supposed to inform his subjects about his intended experiment and then reach a consensus.A good researcher does not use unethical means to gather data or to manipulate the data to suit his hypothesis. A good researcher always avoids bias. A good research on the other hand is not biased and it follows proper procedures where no one is harmed.A research can be defined as a carefully designed study that uses scientific methods to collect data in a bid to get answers from a particular area that is being investigated. The findings from the data collected are usually based on theory as well as the hypothesis of the stud y. There are

Musclar Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Musclar induration - Research Paper ExampleAccording to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the United States of America, there are 250,000 people in the country who suffer from this infirmity. Furthermore, it points out that the count number of people with this specification may be the double of this figure owing to the fact that many people do non chose to consult their physicians and misdiagnose their own condition (Rosner et al 2008 p7). The malady is considered to have a greater predisposition towards females and the ratio of the affected females to affected males is 21. The disease does not present in the early ages of purport and nor are there any presenting cases after the fifth decade of life. Individuals are in general affected between these age groups (Robbins et al 2005 p 1382 Mitchell et al 2007 p 887). Multiple sclerosis is not a congenital disease and it is a condition which affects a person later in life and is acquired. It is considered to be caused by an autoimmune mechanism. But definitive causes for this disease have still not been identified. It has been highlighted that the condition may as well as be stimulated and caused by external environmental factors. The condition is not infectious and hence does not spread from one individual to another. Studies in the United States and England have highlighted interesting aspects of the disease and it has been seen that this pathological condition mainly affects the upper classes and it is more common in countries with proper hygienic measures. It has been seen that in the growth nations where the hygiene is low, the disease is not prevalent and it is hypothesized that these populations consort to acquire an immune mechanism against this disease. Furthermore, it has also been presented that the pathology is more prevalent in areas with lower temperatures (Robbins et al 2005 p 1382 Rosner et al 2008 p 8 Ganong 2005 p51). The disease has been suggested to be an autoimmune response of the body against the myelin sheath. This reaction of the body is considered to have a transmitted link as well. This has been highlighted due to the fact that there is 15 times increased vulnerability of developing the condition if first degree relatives suffer from the disease. If one twin suffers from the disease, the other twin also has a high susceptibility of developing the condition (Robbins et al 2005). Multiple sclerosis follows a clinical mannequin where attacks of the symptoms appear between intervals of weeks or months or years. These symptoms may even subside for extended periods of time and the unhurried retains normal helping but they have a tendency to recur as well. With increasing time, the symptoms tend to subside but there may be long lasting damage to neurological function (Robbins et al 2005 p 1382). The disease presents with many symptoms which include optic neuritis and retrobulbar neuritis. The patient may complain of optic disturbances. The involveme nt of the brainstem tends to result in ataxia, nystagmus and internuclear opthalmoplegia. The spinal anaesthesia cord is also involved and the demyelination of the nerve fibers in the spinal cord results in problems of the motor and sensory conduction in the arms and the legs. The functioning of the urinary bladder is also affected and it loses its normal working. The patient may also present with an injury of the spinal cord which would not be painful. The patient may

How effective is the United Nations in global governance Essay

How effective is the united Nations in global arrangement - Essay ExampleTo achieve this goal, this paper has been divided in to nine sections. The paper leave be initiated with the background of the UN, its aims and principles. It will be followed by its major involvement in international security and stay projects post cold war, and its failures in Rwanda projects, its silence post 9/11 and other major events. The look into has been conducted by referring to umpteen prominent books and reliable websites, journals that offers authentic reports and in rowation regarding UN. About united Nation As Higgins(Higgins, R) mentions in his report Peace and Security, achievements and failures that it is impossible to understand or analyze the effective measures of the UN without knowing what sign measures were intended by this organization. What were the challenges that it has faced since decades. After the Second World state of war, 51 countries were joined together to form an inter national organization in the year 1945. It was aimed that the formation of this organization will help maintain a healthy and friendly relationship between nations worldwide, to maintain international peace, security and to promote social progress. It alike focused on improving the living standards and human rights too (The UN in design). President of United States of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the name UNITED NATION and it was decl bed on 1st of January 1945, when countries were engaged in World War 2 (The UN in Brief). Before the establishment of United Nation, several attempts were made by many countries to organize special bodies for similar causes.Then formally, on a larger scale the UN organization was established on 24th of October 1945 and each year, this day is celebrated as United Nations day globally (The UN in Brief). IT consists of 192 members and when General Assembly is conducted, the members meet and discuss global issues together (Introduction to the Unit ed Nations). As per this document, the aims and principles of United Nations are mentioned below (Introduction to the United Nations). Aims of United Nation 1. To maintain peace among nations globally 2. promote and developing friendly relations among countries 3. To engage efforts in improving the quality of education and eradicating illiteracy 4. To head the destruction of environment, gender equality and diseases 5. To provide help, rights, respect , security and freedom for all nations 6. To provide incite and support to developing nations to achieve their respective goals Principles of United Nations 1. All the member states should acquire the sovereign equality 2. The charter (fundamental treaty of the UN) must be followed and obeyed by every member states 3. Any differences between nations should be solved in a peaceful manner 4. Every country should avoid using draw and must not threaten other nations in using the force 5. Every country should make efforts in assisting United Nations The Main Organs of United Nations According to the official website of United Nations, there are five main organs of this organization (The UN in Brief). They are- 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security council 3. The scotch and social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. Secretariat and 6. International Court of Justice Fig 1.2- A diagram will project a clear understanding of the main organs of UN (

Authentic Counselor Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Authentic Counselor - Coursework typeSuch counselors require certain qualities such as having a good sense of who they are, what they are traffic with and be aware of their shortcomings and care about the needs of their clients. There are characteristics in received counseling, which admit honesty and willingness for the participants to accept and admit when they are wrong (Scott, 2012). Other characteristics that are necessary are enquire sincere questions, listening actively and emphasizing. An authentic counselor mustiness have an identity, appreciate, and respect him or herself. They must recognize and accept their power and be open-minded to change, feeling alive, having a sense of humor, and making take into account decisions. Authentic counselors must be able to live in the present, appreciate culture, have an interest in other peoples welfare, and find value in their work, which enables them to create healthy relationships with their clients (American Counseling Associ ation, 2014)..An authentic counselor means someone who is real and honest with his or her clients. This means that something that is real is something that is valuable or rare therefore clients should be able to value their counselors and therefore find worth in their

Giardia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Giardia - Essay ExampleIdentification of the Disease Giardiasis is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. opposite plebeian names are lambliasis and beaver fever. After infection with the parasite, the individual suffers a diarrhetic infection after the first week (Berger, 2011). The infection has been categorized as a global job be energise of its prevalence in many parts of the world. The name beaver fever emerged after research indicated that the sickness was common amongst backpackers and campers. The science community ascertained the link between the giardia parasite and the diarrheal infection in the 1970s, although they had known the parasite since the 17th century. The diarrheal infection does not present any mortality judge unless in individuals introduceing a compromised immune system. Many of the people infected with the parasite have been reported to exhibit minimal symptoms. Other researches indicate that there are cases that are more serious, and the infecti on can cause diarrhea for about two weeks. Description of the Organism The parasite giardiasis is the causative agent of a common diarrheal infection that has existed for a long time. Van Leeuwenhoek magnetic discovered the parasite in 1681. Using microscope, he highlighted that the parasite exhibited slow movement, and had flagella that facilitated the movement. He overly classified the parasite as one of the simple eukaryotes. Other scientists developed interest in the parasite in the centuries that followed, and sought to describe it further. From advanced studies, it became evident that Leeuwenhoek had ascertained the parasites in the trophozoite mannequin. This was after the discovery that the parasite exhibited two different stages of life. According to the findings of 1880, it became evident that the parasite had both(prenominal) the trophozoite cysts stages (Parker & Parker, 2004). During the cyst stage, the flagella were invisible. Scientists have described the cyst sta ge as a dormant phase in which the parasite forms a protective wall around itself. This wall makes the parasite resistant to temperature changes, osmotic differences, pollution, and nutritionary shortage. Further studies revealed that the cysts have the potential to remain viable for long periods without the having access to water and food. Usually, this serves as the morbific stage of the parasite as many people get the infection from swallowing water infested with cysts. After instauration into the gastrointestinal tract, the parasite moves from the cyst into the trophozoite stage. In this stage, the parasite engages in obtaining nutrients in the intestines and reproduces. The flagella are visible during this phase of Giardia (Russell and Cohn,2013). Biologists have described the trophozoite as having the ability to attach to the intestinal villi, where they dep set aside on mucosal secretions for nutrition. In size, the trophozoites are 9-21 micrometers long, 5-15 micrometers wide, and 2-4 micrometers in thickness. When viewed under the microscope, they depict a pear shape that has a round end on the anterior side, two nuclei, as well as two distinctive median rods. The trophozoite also exhibits motion with the four pairs of flagella evident on each cell. In its ventral body, the organism has an adhesive disc that facilitates its attachment to the intestines. The organism reproduces by asexual binary fission, with the production of a new generation all(prenominal) five hours. Some trophozoites detach themselves from the intestines and

Communication Strategies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Strategies - Coursework ExampleThese differences in a workplace may trend many problems as attitudes and perceptions shape they way even formal communication takes place. A male party boss may be very blunt and direct in his speech which may at a sealed point offend a female subordinate than it would a male in the said(prenominal) place. Males also tend to be more interruptive and biases like these may lead for them to pay more vigilance to the point being made by a male subordinate as opposed to a female. Also the level of trust and intimacy in terms of work relation would be stronger with a male than with a female. On the other hand if a female were to be the boss a male subordinate would most likely question her superiority by throwing questions at her to test her skills. A female boss that is more aggressive in speech is almost always thought to be displaying an otherwise male characteristic and hence given names by subordinates and partd as code run-in amon g the peers to refer to the boss. A male boss being aggressive and even cursing subordinates on the other hand would be thought of as normal. Females may also not be taken as seriously as their male counterparts and thought to be emotional and weak in certain cases. In such cases it becomes difficult for a task to be completed as the authority of a female boss might be questioned. Similarly in an interview situation or a group meeting male to female communication can display similar conflicts due to sexual urge perceptions. An idea by a male might be given more importance than a female. These differences can not just lead to problems in being more expressive among males and females in a work place besides may also cause serious delays in work or miscommunication of messages. 2) I agree that language has an nub on gender perceptions and hence elimination of male chauvinist language may have a slow but positive effect on the attitudes and behaviors of people. The terms we use in everyday language has an effect on how we perceive the roles attached to us. These changes are slowly but steadily being incorporated into everyday language because it plays a key role in make peoples thoughts and ideas. Gender neutral terms in language are essential to vanquish the bias that exists in societys perception of males and females. I find racism and sexism to be similar biases. Hence, if the elimination of racism is emphasized on in all societies, it is fair to propagate the elimination of sexist terms from language that automatically deems inferior the status of one gender or excludes one from its representation. As an example, we can look at a manual for a workplace that keeps referring to the reader as a man or using his instead of using them for reference to the workforce. This automatically excludes a female doer and hence suggests that there are no women in the organization, whereas in reality, half the workforce might dwell of women and the manual maybe refer ring to them as much as it is referring to the male worker. Thus, replacing sexist terminology is all important(predicate) to get rid of gender biases in society and can have a positive effect on the attitudes of people who come across it. It will not just lead for women to be be equally and give them confidence and credit but will also not automatically delimit characteristics to one gender that can be

Vancouver Olympic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vancouver prodigious - Essay ExampleAccording to Participation Agreement, the city accepted to be the master of ceremonies city and proceeded with the control (Larry, Para 1-2).In December 1998, the put upadian Olympic Committee approved the Vancouver yell and agreed upon its representation Canada in the international bidding competition to host the 2010 Olympic Games. The Bid metropolis Agreement was signed by the City, the COA and the bid group. The Bid City Agreement allowed the City to present its bid before the International Olympic Committee and established some roles and the responsibilities for all the parties in presenting the Bid. It also include intellectual property matters like copyright and trademarks, expenses, marketing, community consultation, the signing of the IOC Host City Agreement and procedure of the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. The conditions of the Bid City Agreement need the City to work with the COC just to bushel sure that all feature s of the bid are covered and they are in compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter (Larry, Para 3).Initial Cost of Vancouvers Bid The budget of the Bid Corporation for this bid was Can$34 million and of this total amount the Province of British Colu... Public corporation contributed 54 part of the bid and private companies offered 46 percent of the funding.Contributing Factors Hosting the Olympics in Vancouver and goldeneye will affect the thriftiness of the Province of British Columbia. Positive outcomes view as been understood more important than the negatives for hosting the games. This point of view became very helpful for BC economy of the period around 2002 when the Canadian dollar mark was weaker than the American Dollar. The time when Vancouver was selected as host city it was considered as capable as boosting the economy and increasing the tourism. Since then the Canadian Dollar has become stronger than American Dollar and tourism is anticipate to be lower as it will be very costly to come to Canada and spend in Canadian Dollars (Jay and Adam, Para 2).Motivation The BC governing body has created a favorable opinion of the games in the public eye. The government has guaranteed an economic boom following the games. It is expected that provincial growth will be well-nigh in between 0.9 and 1.2% per year from 2005 to 2011 (Derek, 2005, Para 1). Announcements have been made regarding the budget of the games and about its expected overall profit. It also has been claimed that there will be approximately 5600 new full time jobs, which will be created directly by the Games. The problem with the claims is that the government has speculated that Vancouver and Whistler areas would not be visited by the tourists if there were no Olympics and the jobs which are created by the Games would not be fill up by the workers and there would be unemployment, which seems to be wrong because there would certainly be outstanding number of tourists and the u nemployment rate in Vancouver area is one of the lowest in the

Women in the Early Republic Essay Example for Free

Wo custody in the Early Re national EssayWomen played a big part in their saves roles in government, although they were not allowed to vote at this time. Women like Dolley Madison made their husbands presidency more successful. Women excessively became more involved with the churches, and education. They believed that it was important for women to be as better as men. Women made up most of the church congregants, as they had for a while. In New England colonies, they started to allow women work alongside men on church committees, deciding on the admission of rude(a) members, debating doctrinal points, and hiring ministers. Quakers peculiarly liked this they had always found much talent in women ministers. Unlike the men, the women did not realise their speeches ahead of time instead however, they spoke from the heart. One woman, after having a near death experience, became cognise as the Publick Universal Friend. Jemima Wilkinson claimed that she was no longer a woman, n or a man. She dressed in mens clothes, wore her hair in a mannish style, and preached openly in Philadelphia and Rhode Island. She ended up in New York with two hundred and fifty followers. This was only part of the change that women had in the early republic.Girls had started be school also this started in the North and eventually moved down to the Southern states. They usually went to public schools called district schools, and they offered very basic education. Often girls attended summer sessions and were separated from the boys. By the 1830s, umpteen esoteric academies had opened for teenage girls. These schools had the basics they would need such as drawing, needlework, music, dancing, and lecturinging in French however, they also had Latin, theology, algebra, geometry, chemistry, and physics the same as most teenage boys would learn.Emma Willard founded Troy Female Seminary in New York, and Catharine Beecher founded capital of Connecticut Seminary in Connecticut, and they turned out to be the most prestigious seminaries. Both schools taught teaching, because they believed women made better teachers than men. This was especially important for the students attending Hartford Seminary because most of them did not have a father.That meant that they needed extra form for employment. There were many men who did not like the idea of omen having an education, because they did not want the women to parry them. However, there were men that appreciated their wifes help. James Madisons, for example, helped him a lot with the presidency. She threw many parties, which they called squeeze. These squeezes were a big deal, and many people were invited to them. At these parties many people made new friends and were able to make deals, trade information, acquire information, or gain political information, and many people took benefit of them.Many people referred to Dolley Madison as presidentress. Mrs. Madison also threw many gatherings with her close circle of fri ends, who would talk about their husbands roles in the government. This was never even thought of by women before, and men unimpeachably would have never allowed it. As time passed from the start of the colonies to the 1900s women were able to do many more things. They were finally allowed to get an education, teach in churches, and also they could have more meetings about their thoughts on the government.

Individualism as an American Culture Essay Example for Free

Individualism as an American Culture Essay gesture How do the examples involving the child who has fallen, the way food is served and eaten, and the newspaper route provide the author with significant insights into American cultural value? Do you agree with her interpretations?Poranee like many other immigrants atomic number 18 faced with unhomogeneous changes/challenges when they leave their homeland to start a new life in another country. Some of these changes are obvious, while others are not so blatant. Poranee first realized these changes with the simple question how are you? turn somethings are consider normal and acceptable in one country, it may be consider raw or inappropriate in another. Poranee was raised in culture that emphasis service and to leaseherness, which is why she entangle comfortable enough to help the fallen child. Without being told, she wouldnt exact known that letting the child get up himself will teach him to be independent from an early age.Just like the fallen child, eating off someone else plate or reaching across the table isnt consider inappropriate since the Thais focuses more than on forming a community than individualism. The American way of eating is consider inappropriate to the Thais because it is seen as egotistical and inconsiderate to have so much food on your plate. I agree with the author on her interpretation of the examples except for the example about the newspaper route.I dont think that the couple who own the BMWs were materialistic because they were well off but still made their children work. I think that by making their son sell newspapers and their daughter babysit, they were teaching them the value of hard work Working teaches them that just because their parents have money, doesnt mean they can sit around and do nothing.

Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned Essay Example for Free

Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned adjudicateDo you think advertising to children should be banned? Why or why non? It is an accomplished fact that companies might benefit from right understanding of the childrens role in purchasing process. It is considered to be the case adults be loyal to those brands which they are used to enjoy in their childhood. Moreover, getting elder, children may solve their parents quite deeply. Parents tend to work more and earn more to make up the deficiency of the judgment of conviction to spend with their children by making somewhat purchases. Thus, effective advertising addressed to the young audience is in the interests of manufactures. Due to a possible harmful effect on children advertising is the subject of wide scheme whether it should be banned or not. It is important to find out which groups of children run the risk. Many researches describing human socializations process divide it in several similar st be ons ( T open 1). This division is very relative, but not devoid of sense.The summarized detail from birth to 2 years is not significant for consideration due to omit of ability to distinguish between commercials and other TV programs which appears in the second stage (2 6 years). In this stage, children dont tend to deconstruct contradictions in their opinions and are not able to tend diversity between their own belief and another point of view thrust on them. At the age of 6 8, children are aware of existence of opinions which may differ from their own beliefs, but do not exhibit the ability to actually think from another persons perspective. At the fourth stage (9 10 years), children are able to accept another point of view, but are not able to consider situations as an impartial side. Children at this stage are able to understand advertising spirit and recognize bias in advertising.However, they have no defenses against advertising. At the final stage (since 11 years), teenagers are able to set up hypotheses and take into account all possible options. They have already got some knowledge of advertising tactics and appeals. As evident from this analysis, the most defenseless element here is children antique by eight. However, they are allowed to make just a simple consumer excerption and strictly limited financial resources. As for elder children, they have more substantial financial recourses and considerable freedom. Besides, they may influence parents choice in areas such as electronic devices etc.Some people argue for ban against advertising. Nevertheless, on that point are some refutations of necessity to ban it. For example, younger children rely in their choice most on in-store experience rather than information introduced by adds. As for teenagers, they tend to use alternative sources of information, parental advice or peers opinions. Most researchers believe that some people have not got the certain characteristics of the final stage level off during adulthood. The question arises as to not just advertising to children, but advertising to everyone. In my opinion, the most presumable way is to control (or even ban in certain cases) advertising of goods such as cigarettes, alcohol and non-nutritious foods.

The War of 1812 Essay Example for Free

The War of 1812 Essay1. The effects of the War of 1812 on banking, shipping, farming, industry, and transportation. a. The War of 1812 occurred because the British were impeding U. S. shipping. When we won the war, farmers were able to ship their products such as cotton or tobacco overseas. This helped farmers, because they had access to markets. It helped banking because if farmers couldnt ship their products, they had no reason to borrow money. It also helped farmers repay loans they previously got from banks. It helped transportation and shipping, because farmers had to use transportation and ships to get their products to separate countries who wanted to buy the raw materials.2. The era of good feelings as a transitional period. b. Party and sectioned divisions fell by the wayside during the era of good feelings with a president who was determined to heal gray-haired wounds, but this spirit of unity did not last. Sectional tensions reappeared during the bit debates, which brought the issue of slavery and its expansion to the forefront.3. The causes of the panic attack of 1819 and the effects of the subsequent depression on politics and the economy. c. This is a sad tale told many times over the years. America had just got out of the war of 1812. When the war ended, the economy was still based in a war-time production and along with land speculation and little diversification. well, you get a bad recession. We Americans do many things right but there are times we just dont learn. That, my friend, is one of those lessons not learned.4. The Federal and southern arguments during the debates over the admission of Missouri and how they influenced sectional attitudes. d. During the debate over Missouris admission, representative James Tallmadge of New York introduced an amendment stating that no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and that all slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.5. The ways in which the marshal approach changed the status of the federal judiciary and how the Courts decisions altered the relationships between the federal disposal and the states and the federal government and business. e. Marshalls Court defined the constitutional standards of the new nation. The great work of the Marshall Court was done in a handful of great cases, especially Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia and Gibbons v. Ogden.6. The reasons why President James Monroe denote his doctrine in 1823 and the impact on international relations at the time. f. The US President, James Monroe, first stated the doctrine during his s so farth annual State of the Union Address to Congress. It became a defining chip in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, ass F. Kennedy, and others.7. Pre sidential politics in the era of good feelings and how they altered the political system. g. There might even be a parallel to the era of good feelings that, in hindsight, can be seen to have existed from 1936 to 1968. origin the accomplishments of that erathe winning of the Second World War, the Marshall Plan, NATO, GATT, the GI Bill, interstate highways, and public education, the Civil Rights Actwith the dissension, deadlock, and deficits of the period from 1968 to the present.8. The reasons why Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 and the significance of his victory. h. The election of 1828 was significant as it heralded a weighed down change with the election of a man widely viewed as a champion of the common people. however that years campaigning was also noteworthy for the intense personal attacks widely employed by the supporters of twain candidates.

European balance Essay Example for Free

European quietus EssayAnalyze attitudes toward and evaluate the motivations behind the European acquisition of African colonies in the period 1880 to 1914. During the late 1800s, Europe had a steady decline step of available work, so Europe, as a whole, was looking for a way to improve overall. Many European countries look towards Africa to create new colonies for Europeans to better their own country. Europeans attitudes towards Africa was Europeans were a superior black market in comparison to Africans.Motivation was acquired from the help of strong nationalism to then acquire new cut back to build upon their country to improve its economy and create new available work. European nations all had diametric reasons to control parts of Africa. Chancellor Otto von Bismark said to his Countryman exploring in africa, Your map of Africa is very nice, notwithstanding my map of Africa is in Europe. Here is Russia and here is France, and we are in the middle. That is my map of Afri ca. (Doc 3). He argues that he is nidus on Europe and he is only willing to establish colonies because France and Russia are doing it as well.Eugene-Melchior de Vogue, French diplomat, describes how the European balance of power is now becoming a world balance of power (Doc 10) in the book, The outmatch of the Sea. Nations would have to develope to a greater extent colonies in Africa in order to stay visible to other bigger and in good order nations. Another way to show awareness and capability was to colonize Africa, Archibald Philip primrose stated. (Doc 8). This statement makes it clear that Primrose was pro imperialism due to the political pluses that it provides.The belief of European nations have the right and is automatically entitled to go to Africa and occupy their land was stated by Martial Henri Merlin. (Doc 11). He believed that imperialism is the correct and the most important liaison to participate in. This point of view is justifiable through the fact that is is indeed the Governor of Africa. Europe was perpetually competitive especially when it came to the output of resources. A French diplomat who goes by the name Eugene Melchoir said that in order to stay competitive, you must go to far lengths.The colonization of Africa is changing europe from a balance of power to a world balance of power. Joseph Chamberlain a British industrialist, says directly in one of his speeches that sparing improvement of countries is available through the process of colonization. If nations were to engage in colonization, there would be less unemployment, more trade, and an overall better economic environment. In conclusion, the motivations have a wide range and all jibe to one another. To maintain power, change and fix social and political issues, and stay competative were all prominent motivations.

Benefits of Nuclear Weapons Essay Example for Free

Benefits of thermo atomic Weapons EssayWorld tensions have created power struggles finishedout different countries in the 1900s to today. These power struggles have provide the start of several wars in the midst of nations. The two biggest nations during these power struggles were the USSR and coupled States of America. Throughout the cold war, atomic buildup created a monishrence that has spilled over into a nonher(prenominal) countries harnessing the power of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have abeted in an noisome peace with m any(prenominal) countries despite the fact that nuclear weapons could end civilization or the lives of millions at any particular moment. A brief look into Cold War beliefs, whether or not nuclear weapons deter conflict, how nuclear weapons provide a military and political function, and why some states believe in nuclear armaments will usher how effective the use of the most dangerous weapons in history can assist in the activities of peacefu l cohabitation and coexistence. Nuclear Weapons The Cold War Example The actions throughout the Cold War border the root words of offensive weapons used for defensive purposes.The activities and positions of the United States and the Soviets during the mid-1980s demonstrate how nuclear buildup was the answer to ensuring an uneasy peace between the two countries. During this time, the United States Sought only to restore a stable military balance, assure bullying and reduce the risk of war. It found unacceptable a perpetuation of the present situation, in which it was compelled to suffer a large strategic arsenal, and favored a more stable strategic balance at much unhorse levels of armaments. (Nuclear ArmsPositions of, 1984, p. 12) The USA position on the problem was that more weapons were needed in order to maintain a sense of status quo with the Soviets who were commencing a nuclear buildup of their own throughout the 1980s decade. (Nuclear Arms Positions of, 1984, p. 12) The idea behind these buildups is actually a continuation of a previous form of military and political ideology. The United States and the Soviet Union both believed that as long as they concentrated on building nuclear weapons, they would not actually concentrate on destroying each other.(Nuclear Arms Positions of, 1984, p. 12) Evidence has been presented that the Soviets would have used nuclear weapons had war broken out in Europe, which tends to show that nuclear weapons during the Cold War era had a stabilizing effect on world peace. (Schneider, 2004, p. 55) This peace lasted throughout the Cold War, and illustrates how effective nuclear weapons be in establishing and prolonging a peace between two countries. Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence The question as to whether or not nuclear weapons provide a deterrence function can be investigated in some instances.First, the more recent actions of President George W. Bush in the early 2000s demonstrates how deterrence is effective, but e ssential be followed to strict specifications in order to fully work. For example, President Bush in 2001 adopted a policy of unilateralism when dealing with the American nuclear arsenal that would attempt to ignore all of the nuclear weapons treaties. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These treaties were form in the attempt at nuclear war deterrence, and have been effective at creating a coarse destruction peace.(Hartung, 2001, p. 4) However, President Bush attempted to destroy the peace and create an environment where nuclear weapons could be used again in the future by attempting to shift the balances throughout the world and threaten other nations. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These activities of President Bush indicate that nuclear weapons do promote diplomacy and deterrence, but only if purvey and agreements about their use and creation are followed. Deterrence can never be established through unilateralism.Thomas C. Schelling, an expert on deterrence, has suggested in the face of growing unea se as more countries sham or threaten to acquire nuclear arms, he continues to believe that deterrence can be hold and extended to cover the new players. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) However, Schelling rightly points out that that will not happen without policies, especially U. S. policies that demonstrate the case for continued abhorrence of their use. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Mr. Schelling also believes that education of the harms of nuclear weapons cannot be viable to countries that do not possess the technology. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Schellings suggestion is that a country without nuclear weapons will be as well as scared by the threat of nuclear use that they will not fully respect deterrence theories unless they too have a nuclear arsenal of some type.

Images of Power and Authority in Art Essay Example for Free

Images of Power and Authority in wile EssayArt has been used to portray figures of effect and authority many times in history. several(predicate) cultures have different ways of portraying the interpret to have power and authority. One example of employ art to portray send offs of power and authority is the mastery Stele of Naram-Sin. This was made to commemorate King Naram-Sin for his drubbing of Lullubi. The King stands alone at the top, taller than everyone else. This shows that he is more(prenominal) powerful than anyone else. The King in like manner wears a tusk helmet that shows godliness. Celestial bodies shine upon him also demo him as a deity. His troops are lined up behind him in an orderly fashion, showing his keep and also the discipline and organization of his forces. He and his soldiers have complete control of the subdued enemy, showing that he and his army are superior. Art was also used to portray images of power and authority in the times of ante diluvian Egypt. This is shown in the Statue of Khafre. On the ride Khafre is sitting in there is an image of intertwined white lily and papyrus which symbolizes united Egypt. The falcon covering his transfer is Horus, the god the sky and heavens.This implies the pharaohs divine status. The pharaoh is also determine with a canon of ideal proportions, which is suitable for someone as perfect as the pharaoh. Also the demonstration on the pharaohs face is calm and shows eternal forte and life. Many of the traits in both examples constitute how their cultures image of power and authority. Bibliography 1) Gardners Art Through the Ages Tenth Edition, p.50,75-76. 2) www.coco.cc.az.us/apetersen/ _ART201/old_king.htm 3) www.coco.cc.az.us/apetersen/ _ART201/akkad.htm 4) Ancient Egypt, World Book Encyclopedia, 1990. Images of Power and Authority in Art Art has been used to portray figures of power and authority many times in history. Different cultures have different ways of portraying t he image to have power and authority. One example of using art to portray images of power and authority is the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin. This was made to commemorate King Naram-Sin for his defeat of Lullubi. The King stands alone at the top, taller than everyone else. This shows that he is more powerful than anyone else.The King also wears a horned helmet that shows godliness. Celestial bodies shine upon him also showing him as a deity. His troops are lined up behind him in an orderly fashion, showing his control and also the discipline and organization of his forces. He and his army have complete control of the subdued enemy, showing that he and his army are superior. Art was also used to portray images of power and authority in the times of Ancient Egypt. This is shown in the Statue of Khafre. On the seat Khafre is sitting in there is an image of intertwined lotus and papyrus which symbolizes united Egypt. The falcon covering his head is Horus, the god the sky and heavens. This implies the pharaohs divine status. The pharaoh is also shaped with a canon of ideal proportions, which is suitable for someone as perfect as the pharaoh. Also the expression on the pharaohs face is calm and shows eternal strength and life. Many of the traits in both examples constitute how their cultures image of power and authority.Bibliography1) Gardners Art Through the Ages Tenth Edition, p.50,75-76. 2) www.coco.cc.az.us/apetersen/ _ART201/old_king.htm 3) www.coco.cc.az.us/apetersen/ _ART201/akkad.htm 4) Ancient Egypt, World Book Encyclopedia, 1990.

Heroin Addiction Essay Example for Free

Heroin Addiction EssayAccording to The National prove on medicate Abuse, diacetylmorphine is an illegal, highly addictive dose. It is both the roughly abused and the most cursorily acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a natur anyy occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the disgraceful sticky substance cheatn on the streets as black tar diacetylmorphine. Although purer heroin is nice more common, most street heroin iscut with new(prenominal) medicines or with substances such as sugar, starch, pulverise milk, or quinine. Street heroin throw out also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. Be induce heroin abusers do non know the actual strength of the do drugs or its true contents, they atomic number 18 at risk of overdose or death. Heroin also poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from s haring needles or other injection equipment. According to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which may actually underestimate illicit opiate (heroin) use, an estimated 3. 7 million people had used heroin at most time in their lives, and over 119,000 of them reported using it within the month front the inspect.An estimated 314,000 Americans used heroin in the past year, and the group that represented the highest number of those users were 26 or older. The survey reported that, from 1995 through 2002, the annual number of new heroin users ranged from 121,000 to 164,000. During this period, most new users were age 18 or older (on average, 75 percent) and most were male. In 2003, 57. 4 percent of past year heroin users were classified with dependence on or abuse of heroin, and an estimated 281,000 persons received treatment for heroin abuse.According to the supervise the Future survey, NIDAs nationwide annual survey of drug abuse among the Nations eighth, 10th, and twe lfth graders, heroin use remained stable from 2003-2004. Lifetime heroin use measured 1. 6 percent among the 8th graders and 1. 5 percent among 10th- and 12th graders. The 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects data on drug related hospital emergency department (ED) episodes from 21 metropolitan areas, reported that in 2002, heroin -related ED episodes numbered 93,519.NIDAs Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), which provides information about the nature and patterns of drug use in 21 areas, eported in its December 2003 publication that heroin was mentioned as the primary drug of abuse for macroscopical portions of drug abuse treatment admissions in Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark, New York, and San Francisco. How is heroin used? Heroin is usually injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked. Typically, a heroin abuser may inject up to four times a day. intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 secon ds), while intramuscular injection produces a relatively slow onset of euphoria (5 to 8 minutes).When heroin is sniffed or smoked, backsheesh effects are usually felt within 10 to 15 minutes. NIDA researchers beget confirmed that all forms of heroin administration are addictive. Injection seems to be the predominant method of heroin use among addicted users seeking treatment in many CEWG areas, heroin injection is reportedly on the rise, while heroin inhalation is declining. However, certain groups, such as White suburbanites in the Denver area, report smoking or inhaling heroin because they believe that these routes of administration are less likely to lead to addiction.With the shift in heroin abuse patterns comes an even more diverse group of users. In recent years, the availability of higher honour heroin (which is more suitable for inhalation) and the decreases in prices reported in many areas have increased the assembling of heroin for new users who are reluctant to inject . Heroin has also been appearing in more copious communites (z). According to the NDIA the immediate effects of heroin (the short term), soon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to norphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors.Abusers typically report a feeling a surge of delicious sensation-a rush. The intensity of the rush is a function oof how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is circumstancely addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually attach to by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itcing. After the initial effects, abusers usually guide be drowsy for some(prenominal) hours. Mental function is clouded by heroins effect on the nervous system.cardiac function slows. Breathing is also sev erely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be known. The long term effects of heroin use and the most detrimental is addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence, which are also motivating factors for compulsive use and abuse.As with abusers of any addictive drug, heroin abusers gradually expend more and more time and energy obtaining and using the drug. Once they are addicted, the heroin abusers primary purpose in life becomes seeking and using drugs. The drugs literally change their brains and their behavior. Physical dependence develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and onanism symptoms occur if use is reduced ab ruptly. withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken.Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (cold turkey), and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms peak surrounded by 24 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and subside after about a week. However, some people have shown persistant withdrawal signs for many months. Heroin withdrawal is never fatal to differently healthy adults, but it can cause death to the fetus of a pregnant addict. At some point during continuous heroin use, a peson can become addicted to the drug.Sometimes addicted individuals will endure many of the withdrawal symptoms to reduce their tolerance for the drug so that they can again interpret the rush. Physical dependence and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms were once believed to be the key features of heroin addiction. We now know this not to be the case entirely, since craving and relapse can occur weeks and months after withdrawal symptoms are long gone. We also know that patients with chronic pain who need opiates to function (sometimes over extended periods) have few if any problems leaving opiates after their pain is resolved by other means.This may be because the patient in pain is simply seeking relief of pain and not the rush desire by the addict. The Medical consequences of chronic heroin injection use include scarred and/or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, abscesses (boils) and other soft tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications (including various types of pneumonia and tuberculosis) may result from the poor health condition of the abuser as well as from heroins dispirit effects on respiration.Many of the additives in street heroin may include substances that do not ready dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs. Immune reactions to these or other contaminants can cause arthritis or rheumatologic problems. Ofcourse, sharing of injection equipment or fluids can lead to some of the most severe consequences of heroin abuse-infections with hepatitis B and C, HIV, and a host of other blood-borne viruses, which drug abusers can then withdraw on to their sexual partners and children.

Kudler Fine Foods Computer Information System Essay Example for Free

Kudler hunky-dory Foods Computer Information System EssayKudler Fine Foods (KFF) is a California-based provider of a variety of exalted end foods, both local and from around the world, founded by Kathy Kudler in 1998. Since the opening of the first location, Kudler has opened two more locations in the San Diego area Del Mar in 2000 and Encinitas in 2003 (About, 2011). As a growing business, Kudlers needs are constantly changing, especially in terms of the companys information engineering and information systems. This paper pull up stakes discuss the needs of the company in regards to business operations and score, as well as discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the systems currently in place. Based on the current technological opportunities, suggestions volition be made to further improve these systems, and evaluate any threats that may affect these systems. Primary Findings argument and Accounting Needs Business Needs As a sell company, Kudler Fine Foods needs to go across as smoothly and efficiently as possible. Kathy Kudler budgeted over $50,000 for metalworker Systems to select and install the existing finance and accounting system, called Retail Enterprise Management System (REMS). REMS provides an Point-of-Sale faculty, or POS module, to automate all retails gross sales made, in detail. This system automatically reports this info to the accounting modules, as well as manages all reference book/debit card transactions made in the stores. This helps to eliminate data immersion errors by restrict the amount of data requiring manual input by employees (Accounting System Overview, 2011). Accounting NeedsREMS also addresses the accounting needs of KFF, by providing applications for the general ledger, accounts payable, bank atonement, summation management and accounting modules. Each of these modules is interconnected with the POS, which seizes for condition transfer of data between modules (Accounting System Overview, 2011). General L edger Module. The General Ledger module includes the map of accounts, and transaction details transferred y the POS system. This data is used to piddle the companys budget and pecuniary reporting. Due to the electronic transfer of data from the POS to the general ledger, this module requires minimal manual data entry (Accounting System Overview, 2011).Accounts Payable Module. The AP module allows for the check disbursement portion of the business to be done electronically. This module holds vendor data, tax and freight data, and accepts data from other modules that directly affect purchasing (Accounting System Overview, 2011). hope Reconciliation Module. Data from the accounts payable, accounts receivable and purchase order modules are compiled automatically by the bank reconciliation module. This data is used in cash flow analysis for financial reporting (Accounting System Overview, 2011). asset Management and Accounting There was no module created for this portion of the busi ness. Kudler needs to develop an efficient and scotch way to track gunstock and other assets, other than relying on the leasing company and spreadsheets (Accounting System Overview, 2011). Strengths and Weaknesses in the accredited SystemStrengths The strength in the existing information system is that the modules that are installed reduce the manual data entry, thus eliminating unnecessary errors to the information, by allowing the modules to share information provided by the point-of sale machines. The POS system itself is a major(ip) benefit to the IT system as a whole, due to the number of transactions it is able to detail, catalog and take apart to the interconnected modules.Secondly, the network set up at severally location supports 3-4 POS terminals, an inventory terminal and a server terminal. Each various(prenominal) network, for each store is providing enough storage power for the needs of each location (Information Technology, 2011). WeaknessesAs previously discusse d, the network setup has benefits on an individual store basis. However, the system as a whole is not sufficient in running a cohesive, multi location business. Kudlers inventory systems are completely separate from one another, which could cause a serious issue in asset management within the company.A second weakness is the lack of policy regarding security within the system. This could overstep to vulnerability to an internet attack for customer personal information and identity theft. Also, without back up procedures, in that respect is no way for Kudler to prevent data loss, should the network(s) fail. RecommendationsBased on the information above, the recommendation for Kudler and KFF would be to first, take a crap a set of security policies and back up procedures, in order to prevent hacking and data loss, respectively. In order to do so, Kudler would best benefit by reestablishing a working relationship with Smith Systems. Smith would then set up and keep an offsite serve r that will service all three KFF locations, and allow the company to consolidate the three separate inventory systems. The offsite server would then serve as a repository for all accounting, inventory and human resources relate items. Doing so will cut down the authorization staffing and duplication in the inventory system. Additionally this would reduce the number of servers required, and thus reduce the potential of IT related hardware issues. ConclusionTo conclude, Kudler Fine Foods uses and information system established by Smith Systems that sufficiently handles point-of-service retail sales receipts, and disburses the information to the appropriate accounting software modules. The modules receive the financial data from the sales to create financial reports, budgeting reports, and analyze accounts receivable and accounts payable. The system also maintains ordering and purchase order data, however, it does not maintain a single inventory module, which could track the sales o f these items after the goods are received in the individual stores.In order for this to occur, Kudler needs to establish a solid set of security measures and procedures in the geek of data loss. To address this, Smith Systems can be contracted to maintain an offsite server with security maintenance. This will help to prevent internet attacks by hackers searching for customer identification and credit card information. at once these changes are in effect KFF should see an increase in efficiency in the current systems in use.

Substance abuse Essay Example for Free

Substance do by EssayIt is quite clear that bosom insult almost always occurs within the context of other problems. Common presenting problems that are related to nerve wickedness are marital and family conflict, child sophisticate, unemployment, financial problems, multiple medical problems, depression, suicide, and problems with aggression and violence. In assessing the role of substance abuse within the context of other problems, we also need to understand the dynamics of other conductal problems and how they may be exacerbated by substance abuse.It is estimated that most domestic violence occurs during periods when one or both parties are abusing some substance and that as m whatsoever as two-thirds of homicides and serious assaults involve alcohol. Criminal behavior such(prenominal) as child abuse or sexual molestation may be connected when the perpetrator is under the influence of a drug or alcohol. In one study, Chasnoff (1988) found that 64 percent of all child abuse cases in New York City involved a perpetrator who was under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.Although researchers disagree about the exact temper of the relationship between substance abuse and violence, there is clearly a strong correlation between the two. Substance abuse does non only eccentric social problems, solely it can also cause health problems too. For example, according to the American Health Association guidelines, cocaine use can cause a number of heart good time symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, anxiety, palpitations, dizziness, nausea and heavy sw consume (Stengle, 18 March 2008).Physicians must(prenominal) remain aware that cocaine use can cause heart attack symptoms in young patients with no heart disease risk factors, the guidelines said. Cocaine use can cause heart attacks, but only about 1% to 6% of those who use cocaine and experience chest pain consent heart attacks. The guidelines warn that two common heart attack treatments blood thinners and beta blockers can cause injuries or death in those who use cocaine.Blood thinners can increase risk for bleeding into the mentality for patients with elevated blood force caused by cocaine use, and beta blockers can increase blood pressure and restrict arteries in those who use cocaine (Stengle, 18 March 2008). We all know that alcohol abuse can lead to alcohol-related deaths from cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, motor-vehicle crashes, falls, drowning, suicide, and homicide. intoxicant affects nearly every system in the body, and contributes to a upchuck of medical problems, including altered immune system functioning, bone disease, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, reduced cognitive functioning, fetal abnormalities, traumatic injury, depression, gastrointestinal disorders, and cancers of the neck, head, stomach, pancreas, colon, breast, and prostate (Werch, 2002). Behaviorally, substance abuse can be considered any use of a mind-be nding substance that causes damage to the individual or society or both.Becoming dependent on any substance is a process that occurs over differing periods of time for different individuals and varies with the use of different substances. A habituation on alcohol may take several decades to develop while an addiction to cocaine, especially childs play cocaine, may occur almost immediately. There are, however, certain phases that individuals are likely to pass through as their dependence on a substance increases. An old proverb regarding alcoholism outlines the progression of addiction The mortal takes a drink, the drink takes a drink, and the drink takes the person. The journey from controlled use to being controlled by their use is the nature of addiction. No one begins using alcohol or other drugs with the goal of becoming addicted. With these voluminous entropy about the ills of substance abuse, we should all know by now that we bemuse to curb this problem that eating away o ur society. I also experienced substance abuse first hand because I have people close to me who had been affected by substance abuse. My cousin has drug problem as he is hooked with marijuana, while my uncle and aunt are alcoholics.I witnessed that how they engaged in prolonged, continuous substance abuse and saw how they were unable to function without using his drug of choice on some regular basis. They someway neglect their daily needs to the point of not eating or caring for themselves. Attempts to control their rule are abandoned as the periods of intoxication and recovery encompass most of their time. My uncle allowed himself to undergo detoxification at a rehabilitation center but my aunt has developed cirrhosis because of her alcoholism. Ultimately, we need to join hands in informing everyone about substance abuse.Common misinformation about substance abuse may divert the center of the problem to other factors that are then presented as the primordial problem. It should start with the family of the abuser who should support their love one in this matter. Starting from family, communities can then undertake several strategies to stop substance abuse because there is no single solution that can surely alleviate substance abuse-related harm to individuals and populations. The comp approach should use a wide range of strategies that address the multiple causes and dimensions.These strategies should include educational approachessuch as public health education and awareness programs, including school and community-based prevention programs environmental approachessuch as controls on the price and availability of alcohol and drugs, minimum age for purchase of alcohol, legislative measures to curb campaign under the influence of alcohol, and restrictions on the promotion, marketing, and advertising of drugs alcohol and health care effortssuch as primary health care screening, advice by health care providers, preventive services, and effective treatment using psychological and pharmacological approaches.References Mackesy-Amiti, M. E. and Fendrich, M. (1995, November). Delinquent Behavior and Inhalant Use Among High School Students. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meeting, Boston. NIH Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program. (2003). Preliminary Data on Drug Use related Matters Among Adult Arrestees and Juvenile Detainees, 2002, Washington, DC National Institute of Justice. Steingle, J. (20008, March 18). Cocaine May Cause tone Attack Symptoms. Newsday.Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http//www. newsday. com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-cocaine-heart,0,6680577. story. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services administration (SAMHSA). (2006). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2006. Office of Applied Studies. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http//www. oas. samhsa. gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/2k6Results. cfm1. 1. Werch, C. E. (2002). Alcohol Use and Abuse. In Breslow, L (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Public Health v ol. 1, New York Macmillan Reference USA.

Why is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped?

wherefore is Pakistan counted as underdeveloped? full now, Rs. 52,941 is the debt which is on the shoulders of each and every Pakistan, where total foreign and internal debt Pakistan right away accountable is Rupees Nine trillion. Where as in the mid-nineties, the same figure was Rupees 30,000 which was to be borne by each Pakistani citizen. The government of PM Nawaz Sharg mavenf came up with an initiative of Qarz Utaro Scheme which somehow gave a relieving cushion to the debt servicing piles.Right now on that point is a total financial dichotomy in the commonwealth. In these worsenedning blots, it is over again s helper that national treasury is facing an additional burden of Rupees 14 jillion due to 12 percent increase in military pensions in 2007-20083. On the separate side of the coin, futuristic examine is giving a computable deal cynical and gloomy representation as the total impertinent debt is wantly to zoom along by to a greater extent than 43 per cent over the next five years, to ab stunned $73 meg in 2015-16 from about $50.76 meg early this year4.Though the incapability and powerlessness of numerous countries to exercise the provided external supply in terms of avail or debt, it is further attributed to some other typical detailors, the insufficient and scarce absorptive competence is termed as the get of thumb applicable in many UDCs as a limitation on the well-organized and proficient utilization of external resources. The normal debt indicators which ar ordinarily practiced in Pakistan areDebt GNP ratioDebt Debt Service LiabilityDebt Foreign Exchange winCHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEW(Ashfaq, 2005) in his research (Aid Effectiveness, Debt Capacity and Debt Management in the Economy of Pakistan) discusses that discrete views are familiar concerning the usefulness of external pay heedance to the UDCs. As many of the detectives and economist say that aid and debt is a great deal useful in lessening the m one and only (a)tary tail bottom and blockage to enlargement of many developing countries deal Pakistan, no matter the essence of fetching financial aid is satisfied or not (for example Cassen 1994, G. Papanek 1972, etc). The ch every(prenominal)engers contain that unusual assistance either in terms of aid or debt always caused disastrous affects on the maturity of the recipient sylvan. A number of gives a moder have point of views on the same debate. The standstill linking external debt and stinting escalation has been observed broadly in recent years. These studies have mostly focused on the destructive influence of a countrys debt overhang which means the addition of a stockpile of liability so hefty as to terrorize the countrys ability to pay back its precedent loan.The theme of the research is to analyze how and to what degree the unusual assistance has and debt affected the parsimoniousness. It is to analyze the external assistance and resources in terms of its projectile and fruitful role in the economy and as a bridge of expansion and festering or vice versa. The main idea is to check and estimate the effectiveness of foreign air and external debt in the country and the researcher seek to determine whether further resources linked with external assistance have in point of fact brought some kind of revolution in the economy or the situation is only opposite of what it should be. The research get out also investigate the impersonate of debt lumber on Pakistan, giving perfect importance given on Pakistans competence in debt servicing and its retirement in the light of major problems in debt management practices creating worst economic shape of the country.( Hayat et al, 2010) discuss in their research ( orthogonal debt and Economic festering Empirical evidence from Pakistan) of the known fact to everyone that Pakistan does not enjoy a good repute for aid and external debt. It has almost unmatchable witnesses of world-shaking economic assistance f rom about each part of the globe. He further argues that Since Pakistans emergence of world map it is facing significant problems in correspondence of payments deficit. To finance this quietus of payments deficit and loses, Pakistan is heavily relying on external debt. World Bank fleshified Pakistan as severely indebted(predicate) country of South Asia in 2001.Even though, Pakistan shows a mushroom harvest-festival in its economy in the comportment of serious economic and highest degree of political in-stability.Although it also showed variability with the passage of time but the situation at this point in time is worse where the growth rate of gross domestic product is just 2% which was 7% in 2007. The outstanding stock of external debt swelled by a gigantic add up of Rupees 1095.1 million in FY09, registering a growth of 36.1 percent against 28.9 percent in FY08. As far as debt is related, International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt further damager the condition. The rise in d ebt stock of IMF by US$ 3.8 billion was the major factor for rise in total debt stock during FY09. As discussed earlier, facing severe balance of payments problems the government had approached the IMF for a US$7.6 billion Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) loan which was approved by the IMF board in November 2008. The IMF has also acceded to government of Pakistans additional request for US$3.2 billion, which has increased the total assistance to $11.3 billion. The bad and declining economic conditions also creates problems in Pakistan foreign exchange reserves. It was $ 14 million in June 2007 showing a forceful celestial latitude of 75.71% by the mid of 2010 to just $ 3.4 Billion. Prior to the events of kinsfolk 11, 2001, Pakistans economy was caught in a bestial debt trap. U.S. bilateral aid to Pakistan started in 1951. Pakistan, in total, received a enormous amount of $2 billion dollars between 1953 and 1961. On the other side, by the early 1960s, aid reached $400 million per yea r. At the nib level, we get to know that in the first phase of the same decade, only get together Stated provided lambert percent of the total aid Pakistan was receiving which covered one third of the exploitation calculate and financed more than than half of the import bill. It was the time by 1982, US was givibg $ 5.1 Billion to Pakistan as aid on annual basis.(Ibrahim, 2009) in his research (U.S. aid to Pakistan-U.S. Tax payers have funded Pakistani corruption) discussed the situation get further worse when sanctions were obligate by the G-8 countries on bilateral and multilateral lending as a consequence of Pakistans nuclear tests in May 1998 and subsequently because of the military coup in October 1999. Pakistan was able to reschedule US $ 3.96 billion of its bi-lateral liabilities through and through the Paris Club in 2000. The reschedule was, however, on short-term basis and dependent on the IMF agreement, which was organism finalized at the time with all its string ent conditionality. The post September 11, 2001, events once again brought Pakistan into the limelight of globose geo-strategic interests. The most significant benefit which Pakistan attained vis--vis its external debt problem was the restructuring agreement with the Paris Club in December 2001. Under the agreement, the debt repayment period was extended to a span of 38 years with a grace period of 15 years. This means that Pakistans debt servicing liabilities will dec disembowel by US $ 2.7 billion between 2002 and 2004 and according to the State Bank the net present value of external debt is expected to decline somewhere between 27 and 43 per cent between 2002 and 2017. on the whole these problems faced by Pakistan are quite alarming and shows a need of taking massive and severe steps to engross the position in a controllable mode, as further delay will make Pakistan drift herself into many other financial as well as social issues.(Ahmed, 2010) argued that Pakistan must refuse to pay foreign debt payment and spend the same amount on relief and rehabilitation of multitude affected from recent flood and terrorism. He said that 20 Million populations have got effected from the angry flood which are a crucial part of $ 54 Billion foreign debt yet to be paid back with interest. People in Pakistan are already facing unemployment, hunger and worst hardships and the episode of the flood creating massive problems for untold(prenominal) a huge number of populations is again devastating. Therefore, Pakistan is greatly unable to service its debt liability. Pakistan spends $ 3 Billion every year on its debt servicing where Pakistans debt-to-gross domestic product ratio has skipped the massive height of 61% this fiscal year. government is sometimes talking of cutting development budget and reduces subsidies on the call of IMF. The situation according to him is getting more in earnest where Government is talking about levying flood tax on the poor people of Pakista n. Despite of taking such steps, Pakistans government should take serious steps in the eradication of such problems by cutting military and corking budgets.(Haider Mullick, 2004) discusses the fact that though Pakistan has been a wait-line admirer to The United States for the fight on terrorism to curb the threats on the US soil but received a sexual union of $2.4 billion in foreign aid5. He further argues that after the terrorist attacks on the WTC on September 11, 2001 many of the rich and developed nations pondered over the fact that foreign aid to UDCs has now dark to a new phenomenon with a blend of new priority and importance unlike previous times. All is due to the reason of such UDCs falling into the hired mans of radical extremists and fanatics which finance the poor and misuse their circumstance of poverty. It is just due to the Pakistans involvement to help the US and NATO forces to defeat the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the US are allocating massive aid in an injecting manner similar to 80s. But the end solvent could commence much fierce. There can be a financial dead-lock in the country if the US and NATO move out of the Afghan land in next 10 years. Our system in Pakistan will be so dependent on the aid and grants that when it will be removed there is a growing maintenance of over all system-collapse. He stresses on the immediate need of autarky and self dependence like India and China.(Martin, 2009) writes in his research about Pakistan Capital Crisis that Pakistans government has reached to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a sum of $ 7.6 B in the form of loans followed by massive hefts of impositions on the economy of Pakistan. Despite of the huge sum, Pakistans financial dichotomy still persists and the state has requested additionally for a sum of $ 4.5 billion. He states that Pakistan badly affected capital situation is change the nations over all economic efficiency and performance star towards socio-political havoc. He further extends his argument to the debt burden Pakistan is getting in such monetary and socio-economics problems that it will become very difficult for a common Pakistani to win bread for his family. He discusses about diametrical research groups which have recently issued reports on the prevailing circumstances in the country that further recommends on the actions that the United States can do to help an improved economic system. He indicates the role of Congress that may consider many of the recommendations and take severe actions to increase in USs non-military assistance and establishment of reconstruction prospect zones in the country. It is barely on the mercy of time which will show the effectiveness of what such recommendations will bring prosperity or disaster. The US is interested in a firm and established parliamentary Pakistan which can act as a front-line ally to the US interests in Afghanistan and South Asia. The US wants to assist Pakist an on the basis of regional and global terrorism which is the major threat to the US after September 11, 2001. Now, the US think-tanks are pondering over the fact that a financial stalemate in the country will might run-downen multilateral endeavors to soothe South Asia and restrain the growing emergence of Muslim extremism so there is an immediate need of capital assistance in a rapid and fond way.(Momani, 2004) discusses the Triad foc victimisation on Pakistan, The IMF and The U.S. War on Terrosism. She argues the basic question that did The U.S intrude to approve the final payout of Pakistans IMF as a prize to support the United States war on terrorism? It is a rule of thumb that The IMF has been always politicized to attain foreign policy objectives which are important to the U.S. It is a matter of fact that Pakistans loans acclamation was immediately given after 9/11 attacks by the IMF but was scheduled for the approval by the executive board of IMF. The overall situation ge ts clumsy as there are tender and positive linkages of the United States influence inside the determination makings of The IMF to strongly correlate objectives getting success in the end- Exactly what The United States have been doing to all Under developed countries (UDCs) across the globe. Although there are weak evidences present of the USs influence in the case of Pakistan but the writer argues that The United States clearly wanted to take a credit for the approved payment by the IMF to the country, getting General Musharraf as a front line ally to attack Afghanistan.(Hameed et al , 2008) discuss how external debt and aid is deteriorating the fiscal and monetary policies of Pakistan. In their research that even in short run or long run the relationship between debt shamble and economic growth is always prejudicial in the Pakistans history until now. It is clear to every one that debt and debt servicing responsibilities always bring veto productivity as far as bear on and ca pital is concerned. Now, the relationship is causal to the fiscal deficit in the country. When there is a problem in the labor and productivity, there is always a prejudiciously charged stupor on the taxation base. On the other hand there are severe problems prevailing as people always look to avoid or evade taxes. The researchers also focused on the need of cutting the above mentioned expenditures drastically so that there should be an adequate cushion given to the injured fiscal structure of the country. They also stressed on the reality that debt service relation tends to affect opposely gross domestic product and thereby the rate of economic growth in the long-run, which, in turn, reduces the ability of the country to service its debt. Now tax being the foremost and crucial part of the fiscal structure as revenue enhancement plays a very important element as far as the capital, development and military expenditures are in question. The researchers claim that external debt i s not good for a country in general and Pakistan particularly after a certain limit as piles of interest has to be returned back which further deteriorate the fiscal structure of the country.(Hashmi, 2009) worked on the reflections of Pakistans economy due to the war on terror. On the other hand she also focused on the coarse relationship between the fiscal discrepancies and Pakistans involvement in the War on terror as an ally of the United States. As matter of fact, Pakistan was a heaven for most of the world most renowned investors which always saw Pakistan as place where huge piles of profits are present. There were and still ate many latent demands which people want in their life. Consequently, many of the Multinational companies and other world class organizations were interested in setting up business in Pakistan and importing the raw material in the field of textiles and other services into their own countries. With the invasion of NATO and US troops in Afghanistan, the sit uation was worse than ever before in the history of Pakistan. All of a sudden all the investors from Pakistan flew away taking all their capital and investment out of the country. Stock markets crashed as due to the war in Afghanistan, all the foreign investors were afraid of loosing their huge chunks of virtues the virtues which in the end makes Pakistan generates heavy amounts of taxes being used as revenue for the state. There is a worse fiscal and monetary gridlock in the country after facing much socio-economic and political instability.(Burki, 2008) applies the political economic analysis of decision making processes in the donor country to the excess case of US aid to Pakistan. Pakistan is not an extremely poor country but nevertheless, it is among the 5 major recipients of foreign aid. Over the last decades, Pakistans aid receipts show considerable shifts for which no obvious development related reasons can be provided. This calls for explanations related to reasons other t han developmental efficiency which require a approximate look at decision making processes on the donor side. Looking at the United States as the single most important bilateral donor, we draw upon earlier analyses of the effect of lobbying on congressional decision making. Numerous studies, like Coughlin (1985), Tosini and Tower (1987), Harper and Aldrich (1991), Marks (1993) and Baldwin and Magee (1998) empirically tested the dead reckoning of domestic lobbies affecting congressional voting behavior with respect to US throw policy. A more recent shoot by Gawanda et al. (2004) also includes the effect of lobbies working for foreign principals, e.g., for foreign governments and foreign business groups. As a result, the external assistance Pakistan has been given was all on the basis of political interests of the donor countries and show token(prenominal) or negligible improvement in the economic and fiscal structure of the country. Over the years, the sums of aids and external debts have been getting a sky-high increase but the monetary situation is worse since 1947. He argues that there is a negative relation of aid and foreign debt with the economic uplift of a country, especially in Pakistan where the situation is quite different due to its involvement in war on terror, prevailing corruption, and no productivity due to energy crisis, Minimum subsidies and The IMFs impositions on the poor Pakistani. Results from ineffective use of the gold show that unidirectional causality runs from the foreign exchange constraint to the budget deficit and then from the budget deficit to the external debt stock. Bi-directional causality was observed between foreign exchange requirements and the external debt stock.Chapter III3.0 metaphysical FrameworkCHAPTER IVMETHODOLOGY AND CHOICE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE4.1 Research typeIn erect to conduct my research study the most suitable data I have gathered is secondary coil in nature collected from reliable and consistent d ata sources and no primary data has been collected, accordingly my study will be referred to as secondary research.4.2 selective information type audience Period information type is purely secondary in nature as no primary data has been acquired.Reference period for my research is from 1995-2009Research Hypothesis4.3.1 Basic Research HypothesisFirst HypothesisHo away aid and debt has a negative correlational statistics with the gross domestic product growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009HA international aid and debt has a positive correlation with the gross domestic product growth in Pakistan from 1995-2009Second HypothesisHo Economic growth will not be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to PakistanHA Economic growth will be continual by rising external debt and foreign aid to Pakistan4.3.2 Statistical HypothesisGrants as a serving of gross domestic productH0 To test the surmise that Grants as a dower of gross domestic product has no negative on extraneous debt a s a destiny of GGPH01=0H1 To test the surmisal that Grants as a destiny of gross domestic product has negative impact on outside debt as a percent of GGPH110Foreign extend InvestmentH0 To test the opening that FDI as a helping of gross domestic product has insignificant no negative on away debt as a part of gross domestic productH02=0H1 To test the possible action that FDI as a pct of gross domestic product has negative impact on External debt as a serving of GDPH120Debt ServicingH0 To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has no positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH03=0H1 To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH130Trade dearthH0 To test the hypothesis that Trade deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH04=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH140 pecuniary DeficitH0 To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH05=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH150 providence Investment GapH0 To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH06=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH1603.4.1 Variable reference list drug-addicted VariableExternal Debt as a percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010)Independent VariablesFiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Ashfaq, et al 1999)Foreign immediately Investment as a percentage of GDP* (Azam et al, 2009)Balance of Payment as a fortune of GDP* (Loser, 1977) and (Malik et al, 2010)Exchange rate fluctu ation (Mahmood et al , 2009)Capital Flight (Chipalkati , Rishi 2009)Foreign Aid as a percentage of GDP* (Miles B. Cahill, Paul N. Isely)Saving-Investment Gap percentage of GDP (Malik, 2010)Debt Servicing percentage of GDP* (Clement, et al, 2009)Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP* (Mohammad, 2010)Grants excluding technical assistance percentage of GDP* (Befekadu Degefe )* as a percentage of GDP is used to gauge the variables in accordance to economic growth of PakistanInformation gathering and sampling proceduresData SourcesThe data sources for my research study are as followsWDIData reliability and internal consistencyWDI is a renowned database developed by World Bank. The data from WDI is totally reliable to be used in the research.3.4.4 Data analysis tools and techniquesMultiple regression To measure the change magnitude effect of independent variables on the dependent variable and to obtain a single regression line for all variables, which will be further used in hypothesis t estingGranger fountain The researcher would like to identify whether variation in a variable will enclose an impact on changes other variablesScatter Plots Such plots will also be used for graphical representation of data.4.1 Statistical AnalysisGrants and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a role of GDPIndependent Variable Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDPIn this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance (as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of Am erica for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent.T-stat for 1 comes out to be 1.156 where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to lower H0, where Hypothesis isH0 To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGPH01=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGPH110Grants and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable Grants excluding technical assistance as a percentage of GDPIn this relation, the result is significant at 15% level. Keeping all other variables constant, one Dollar change in External debt as a percentage of GDP creates negative 3.83 Dollars in Grants excluding technical assistance ( as a percentage of GDP). This is because in many underdeveloped parts of the world, Grants excluding technical assistance is used to finance much governmental expenditure. Also, such grants are also used in debt servicing. As a special case, Pakistan has been using such grants in the same manner. This is because Pakistan has been a key ally to The United States of America for War against Terrorism. The country has been paying much in the form of deficits in each governmental tool. Hence, the lesser Grants given to Pakistan, more piling of external debt will be apparent.As the regression equivalence is = 35.0 3.83 1 2.89 2 1.87 3 + 0.581 4 + 3.10 5 0.133 6T-stat for 1 comes out to be 1.156 where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. In this way, the research tends to reject H0, where Hypothesis isH0 To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentage of GDP has positive impact on External debt as a percentage of GGPH01=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Grants as a percentag e of GDP has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GGPH110Grants and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable FDI as a percentage of GDPH0 To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH02=0H1 To test the hypothesis that FDI as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH120As the regression equation is = 35.0 3.83 1 2.89 2 1.87 3 + 0.581 4 + 3.10 5 0.133 6It states that negative change of $ 2.89 in FDI (as a percentage of GDP) adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP. Hence, lesser the FDI, more is the external debt.On the other hand t-stat for 2 is 1.824 where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that FDI (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a pe rcentage of GDP)Debt Servicing and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDPH0 To test the hypothesis that Debt servicing as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH03=0H1 To test the hypothesis Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP has negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH130As the regression equation suggests = 35.0 3.83 1 2.89 2 1.87 3 + 0.581 4 + 3.10 5 0.133 6A negative change of $ 1.87 in Debt Servicing as a percentage of GDP adds $ 1 External Debt (as a percentage of GDP). Hence, lesser the debt retirement is, the more is the external debt piling is seen in Pakistan (1995-2009)On the other hand t-stat for 3 is 1.442 where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Debt Servicing (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP).Trade Deficit and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDPH0 To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a positive correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH04=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Trade Deficit as a percentage of GDP has a negative correlation with External debt as a percentage of GDPH140The regression equation suggests that = 35.0 3.83 1 2.89 2 1.87 3 + 0.581 4 + 3.10 5 0.133 6$ 0.581 change in Trade Deficit (Trade deficit increases i.e. Importsexports) as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 0.581 External debt as a percentage of GDP. Hence, greater the trade deficit is, the more is external debt evident in Pakistan (1995-2009)On the other hand t-stat for 4 is 1.311 where T-Critical is 1.108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the re searcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Trade Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP).Grants and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDPH0 To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP has no negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH05=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Fiscal Deficit as a percentage of GDP P has negative impact on External debt as a percentage of GDPH150The regression equation suggests that = 35.0 3.83 1 2.89 2 1.87 3 + 0.581 4 + 3.10 5 0.133 6$3.10 change in Fiscal Deficit (i.e. Government Revenues Government Expenses)as a percentage of GDP creates a positive change of $ 1.00 in Pakistans external debt. Hence, greater the fiscal deficit is, the more is external debt is in Pakistan during 1995-2009.On the other hand t-stat for 4 is 1.834 where T-Critical is 1 .108 at 15% significant level. Since t-stat is greater than t-critical, the researcher tends to reject the null hypothesis which states that Fiscal Deficit (as a percentage of GDP) as a negative correlation with external debt (as a percentage of GDP).Saving Investment Gap and External DebtDependent Variable External Debt as a Percentage of GDPIndependent Variable Saving Investment gap as a percentage of GDPH0 To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP has positive correlation on External debt as a percentage of GDPH06=0H1 To test the hypothesis that Saving- Investment Gap as a percentage of GDP P has negative correlation