How does diversity of employment affect the welfare(income per person) Dissertation - 2

How does decent variety of work influence the welfare(income per individual) in urban communities of America - Dissertation Example More accentuate ought to be set on credibility of variable like populace, age and salary of individuals to achieve a dependable outcome from the exploration. The example amount additionally ought to be upgraded to empower an undeniable evaluation of the beach front and non-seaside urban areas with respect to their commitment to per capital salary. Extra autonomous variable likewise ought to be incorporated to get exactness and effectiveness in the measurable models. Additionally, endeavors ought to be made to cover more populace among the urban communities in order to convey a credible result .It is seen that individuals in the two urban areas with higher instructive level impacted in expanding the normal pay of the urban areas.. At last it very well may be assessed that more than monetary assorted variety, the instructive level and time of people have more impact in expanding the per capital salary and abundance of a city. Work Cited Khan, M.Y. (2008).Financial administrations. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.

How Souls Move Bodies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How Souls Move Bodies - Essay Example Elisabeth requests that Descartes explain the association issue. The issue comprises dualism as an essential issue of discussion. The way that something, which doesn't have the physical property, communicates causally with physical articles is the focal subject of contention. Elisabeth asks why considerations in the brain can cause activity in the physical body. She contends that anything that influences the physical body should likewise be physical and have expansion and mass. In reacting to Elisabeth, he credits the current disarray to the utilization of thoughts that separate the brain and the body to clarify the collaboration between the two viewpoints. He utilizes a relationship of a person who looks at largeness as a genuine thing that makes an item fall. From this relationship, Descartes infers his determination that individuals are a twisting idea. In the subsequent answer, he says that Elisabeth should don't hesitate to credit augmentation and matter to the spirit. He keep s on argueing that she will imagine the association of the body and the brain on the off chance that she does as such. In rundown, he abstains from furnishing an exact response to the prompt. Descartes’ answer is inadmissible. It leaves a bigger number of prompts than answers. Without the expansion of the spirit, by what means will people’s impression of it in that setting clarify the issue of connection? Furthermore, if individuals are to imagine the association of the spirit and body, it will imply that we see some causal association. Consequently, it is more enthusiastically to imagine it as trained by Descartes.

Fasibility on Generic Pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Fasibility on Generic Pharmacy Essay Presentation As per http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy DRUGSTORE is a typical American expression for a kind of store midway highlighting a drug store. Drugstores sell marked and nonexclusive meds, yet additionally incidental things, for example, candy, beauty care products, and magazines, just as light refreshments. During the stature of the war on drugs, numerous stores expelled the term Drugstore from their signage and supplanted it with the more politically right term Pharmacy. A PHARMACY is the wellbeing calling that connects the wellbeing sciences with the concoction sciences and it is accused of guaranteeing the protected and viable utilization of pharmaceutical medications. The extent of drug store practice incorporates increasingly customary jobs, for example, intensifying and administering prescriptions, and it likewise incorporates progressively present day administrations identified with social insurance, including clinical administrations, surveying meds for wellbeing and viability, and giving medication data. From http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugstore A GENERIC DRUG is a medication characterized as a medication item that is similar to mark/reference recorded medication item in measurements structure, quality, course of organization, quality and execution attributes, and proposed use. It has likewise been characterized as a term alluding to any medication promoted under its substance name without publicizing. In spite of the fact that they may not be related with a specific organization, conventional medications are dependent upon the guidelines of the administrations of nations where they are apportioned. Nonexclusive medications are named with the name of the producer and the received name (non-restrictive name) of the medication. A conventional medication must contain indistinguishable dynamic fixings from the first definition. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Drug BRAND-NAME DRUG a medication that has an exchange name and is ensured by a patent (can be created and sold distinctly by the organization holding the patent). http://audioenglish.net/word reference/brand-name_drug A DRUG is a substance which may have restorative, inebriating, execution improving or different impacts when taken or placed into a human body or the body of another creature and isn't viewed as a food or only a food. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug notwithstanding being worked as a personal business and selling moderate prescriptions, our drug store are additionally cooking free administrations, for example, free clinical counsels and registration. We are happy to help our kindred Filipinos by giving rebate in their drugs particularly regarding disasters like those individuals who is flood casualties and storm, our drug store is willing additionally to give generous limits to the individuals who might want to purchase prescriptions for gift purposes. As of late, individuals requested for less expensive meds as a result of the adjustment in the nature of living. Simultaneously the conventional prescriptions industry is becoming during that time and there are arrangements that underpins the selling of nonexclusive medications in the Philippines which is R.A. #6675 which is a demonstration to advance, require and guarantee the creation of a satisfactory gracefully, dispersion, use and acknowledgment of medications and drugs distinguished by their nonexclusive names. Our strategic plan is a conventional drug store. 1.1 COMPANY DESCRIPTION The advocates, Ms Asio, Charis Ann, Ms. David Divine Grace, Ms. Garay, Rosalie, Ms. Llanza, Buengie, Ms. Manto, Noreen and Mr. Montallana, Reynaldo will oversee and manage the whole activity of the Medicure Generic Pharmacy, a boundless risk organization. The advocates joined endeavors in the production of Medicure Generic Pharmacy have serve to think of point by point plan that include the significant components required to prevail in today’s serious drug store condition. All things being equal, we feel the field-tested strategy for Medicure Generic Pharmacy speaks to a sensible desire for progress for all gatherings included. Besides, we will give an advantage to the network by giving an incredible item and secure employments to network inhabitants. Area The defenders chose to put the drug store toward the side of Jalleville Subdivision along Quirino Avenue San Dionisio Paranaque City dependent on the realities that all potential drug store areas is a long way from the Our Lady of Peace Hospital. Our propose area are situated in nearest to medical clinic and furthermore it is in the corner which numerous Barangay’s are found. It is likewise along in the Quirino Avenue which is the greater part of the travelers and vehicle proprietors from Las Pinas, Pasay and Paranaque City are pointing this street. CAPITALIZATION Building up a Generic Pharmacy evidently needs capitalization. In guess, the proposed business will cost P 1,390,000.00. The 65% of capital will be financed by the advocates and the staying 35% are advance from the bank. Charis Ann AsioDavid Divine Grace| Php 150,583.33 150,583.33| Garay Rosalie| 150,583.33| Llanza Buengie| 150,583.33| Manto Noreen| 150,583.33| Montallana Reynaldo| 150,583.33| Capital ContributionBank LoanTotal Capital Investment| 903,500.00 486,500.00 Php 1,390,000.00| START-UP SUMMARY The Medicure Generic Pharmacy will bring about the accompanying required beginning up cost. * Office Furniture’s and Fixtures * Chairs * File cupboards * Desks * Machineries and Equipments * Computer server with a laser printer, and a back up framework, introduced with programming; Microsoft Office, QuickBooks genius, sedate connection programming, Physician Desk, Reference Software enumerating reactions and other data appropriate to the clients * Two front counter, stockpiling containers, sales registers * Refrigerators * Air-condition * Store Supplies * Envelopes * Ribbons * Bond papers * Ball pens * Tape * Staples and stapler * Trays * Plastic sacks and so on. * Store front form out * Signage * Logos * Paints and so on. * Lease * Star-up stock * Generic medications * Miscellaneous things * Working capital * Contingency subsidize * Legal expenses * * BIR * SEC * MAYORS PERMIT * BUSINESS PERMIT * MERALCO * NAWASA BREAKDOWN OF START-UP COST Office furniture’s installations Php 160,000.00 Machineries Equipments160,000.00 Store Supplies 50,000.00 Store Build Out200,000.00 Start-Up Inventory450,000.00 Legitimate Fees 70,000.00 - Working Capital300,000.00 All out Capital RequirementPhp1, 390,000.00 Region MAP Medicure Nonexclusive Drug store 1.2 BUSINESS CONCEPT Strategic †¢ To offer the most stretched out scope of value moderate conventional medications placing consumer loyalty most importantly by serving our clients’ needs productively, adequately, giving cordial and expert advising. †¢ To perceive the significance of our workers in accomplishing our yearnings, and to keep them profoundly energetic dependent on the standards of reasonable remuneration, meritocracy and regard. †¢ To teach people in general about quality nonexclusive medications and to give different network administrations to satisfy our social duties to our comrades. VISION THE MEDICURE GENERIC PHARMACY expects to be the main popular store of drugstores offering quality and moderate conventional prescriptions with unrivaled client care that will fulfill the clients need. Qualities * Integrity We will focus on truth and genuineness in what we state and do, and practice elevated requirements of reasonableness and morals at work and in our connections. * Customer Satisfaction We will serve and collaborate with our interior and outer clients as most ideal as, in an expert and inviting way. We continually search for inventive items and administrations that will answer their requirements. * Excellence We will reach skyward in all that we do and ceaselessly look to improve our degree of execution. * Team work We will convey and help out each other, cooperating in an agreeable method to accomplish the company’s objectives. * Respect for the Individual We will show regard, thankfulness and worry for each individual. We participate in positive connections dependent on common trust. * Social Purpose We will do accept that it is our duty to support the network and our comrades. We perceive that the idea of our business, particularly the corporate spotlight on quality reasonable conventional drugs, gives us an exceptional chance to make an extremely positive commitment to the wellbeing of the networks that we serve. Slogan Mabisang Gamot at Serbisyong Maaasahan Objective The Medicure Generic Pharmacy long haul objective is to turn into the number 1 conventional drugstore in the Philippines offering a powerful and productive client assistance and having a solid feeling of social reason. HISTORY The defenders concoct a thought of setting up a Generic Pharmacy taking into account clients when a portion of the advocates made an examination in one of our significant subjects which was Marketing Research. The examination was entitled The Perception of the Consumer on the Effectiveness of Generic Medicines in a chose Barangay in Paranaque City. This finishes its substance of the result of the examination and will fill in as a reason for future investigations on business. We additionally consented to think of a business that was identified with our exploration as referenced which is a Generic Pharmacy. Since we as of now have the possibility that this sort of business will get an opportunity in the market because of the requirements of the purchasers of moderate quality medications. Since we are Business Administration understudies major in Marketing Management we are applying all what we have realized. The propose name of our business would be Medicure Generic Pharmacy. â€Å"Medi† is a short expression of medication and â€Å"Cure† implies recuperation or alleviation from an infection. We chose to have this appealing for a simple maintenance to our customers or clients. Adventure DESCRIPTION The proposed foundation is a nonexclusive drug store named Medicure Generic Pharmacy. We will have the option to sell conventional medication remedies at scaled down costs via cautiously keeping up efficiencies and powerful activities and by focusing on a particular fragment of the market or with over the counter and recommended medicine to our custom

A Perfect Couple - What remains for Amy

The play A Perfect Couple by Brooke Berman centers around topics of kinship, love, and double-crossing among companions Amy, Isaac, and Emma. The title itself is an unexpected portrayal of the plot where the relationship comes slamming down on account of a mystery that ought to or ought not have been revealed. Amy, (Dana Eskelson) and Isaac (James Waterston) are locked in to be hitched after a long and rather rough relationship as the couple dated unstably that went on for a long time until chose to get married. They chose to have a casual get-together at Isaac’s acquired house, just to discuss reclassifying their lives and making the most of their fellowship. Amy, the bossy and confident fiancã © finds a journal in the house, which used to have a place with Isaac’s whimsical grandma, a journal that changes their entire relationship with one another. When Amy found this she quickly castigates Isaac for not advising her, however Isaac doesn't know about the diary’s presence. Amy is then torn by two annoying issues †that his fiancã © once cherished Emma (Annie McNanamara), her long time school companion, and that Emma had visited Isaac in his upstate home. Normally, in the wake of dating on and off for quite a while, Amy felt angry as she yelled attempting to vent out her dissatisfaction. She continued waving the journal in Isaac’s unmindful face, attempting to look for an answer that was never going to come. During the early pieces of the play, Amy and Emma were discussing their school days, and how Amy met Isaac, how their professions bloomed prompting their ideal ways of life and in the long run marriage.â During their discussion, as a crowd of people, one could derive that the three companions had a solid relationship. Emma was an observer among Amy and Isaac’s connection and she decided to state nothing that would somehow or another devastate the couple. To be sure, the companions confided in one another and their relationship appeared to be unbreakable. Amy exhorts the single Emma to settle down and have a family as opposed to getting a charge out of one-time associations with irregular men. Over the span of the play, Amy’s own contemplations and guidance turns her neurotic and persuades herself that Emma decides to stay single since Isaac. Their discussion is on a full grown scope despite the fact that it opposes sense rationale however their proceeded with contentions compel them to show their various characters and standards throughout everyday life. The shared opinion between their discussion and contentions is the friend’s faith in affection. During the play’s better focuses, Amy is crushed of Isaac and Emma’s mystery relationship. She go out with no misrepresentation and rushes to their nearby neighbour’s house. Josh (Elan Moss-Bachrach) neighbor and ongoing school graduate understudy, was there to comfort the enduring Amy. Inclining toward Josh’s shoulder she spilled her guts, she was at a misfortune on what to do. The one-demonstration play was clear and direct to the point. Amy’s act merits referencing since Eskelson consummately suits the job, discovering effectively to create a comic and eccentric character while keeping up her reasonable and to some degree cryptic character. Her voice was fresh, perceptible and justifiable that could have been in any case difficult to decide her job in the plot. Her presentation upheld what her job is, her situation regardless of the grins and snickers she had among her dearest companions. During a point in the play where Emma was having a discussion with Amy about their upbeat school encounters, her voice was cheerful and sprightly just as she was alleviating her school days at that moment. Her character is likewise adaptable as introduced during their contention with respect the journal. Her character, after a dubious passionate status, loses control and fragile, tired of attempting to retouching and keeping up connections after numerous years. Likewise, her scene at Josh’s house, she got cool, as if she had just chosen what to do. Effectively flanked by vulnerability, Amy’s fun and particular character changes into a troubled and chafed fiancã © into a sad yet deliberate lady at long last. There is now a trace of enthusiastic awkwardness that can be gotten from her rough dating existence with Isaac. However, when Isaac had proposed to her, she was at last persuaded that it was at that point the genuine article and gave her enough motivation to accept that Isaac needed the union with. She had insisted herself of their relationship and consequently have made due with bliss that she thought would not be demolished. Yet, the journal made a huge difference and her enthusiastic dependability, previously barely holding on, comes slamming down. At long last, she separates inwardly, and makes due with the comfort of their nearby neighbor. Amy strongly indicated the majority of five phases of mental sorrow stun, outrage, arrangement, wretchedness, and acknowledgment. Ms. Eskelson’s acting was exact and she was plainly in character as she depicted her character’s experiencing passionate grief.â at the outset, she encountered characteristic stun from the diary’s substance. Be that as it may, this didn't cause her forswearing, rather she looked for reality from Isaac. At the point when he didn't offer a response, she had to pay attention to the journal despite the fact that it imply that Isaac’s stepmother was either lying or winding reality. She depended a lot on the journal, yet this is defended in view of her neurosis, originating from her affirmations that her relationship with Isaac would have been impeccable on account of their commitment. When Amy knew, she required somebody to help her since her two companions misled their face. She had no real option except to communicate her emotions to Josh. Normally, this degree of selling out unhinges her and goes into despondency, hurt by the two individuals she confided in most. At long last she acknowledges her circumstance. At long last, she chooses to say a final farewell to Isaac and go out. When Emma asked how theirI altogether appreciated the entire execution for the issues that spun around the story can positively be found in ordinary connections: the adoration triangle among the three companions, issues on deceiving kinships, heartbreaks and a bothering vulnerability of things to come at long last. Likewise, the journal additionally assumed a basic job for the entire plot. From the doubtful sections of Isaac’s grandma, guaranteeing that Isaac truly adored Emma, is a cutting edge understanding of Pandora’s box. It is a mystery that drifts on uncovering truth or hiding it, as one outcome would be the decimation of their extraordinary kinship, and, for Amy and Isaac, their marriage that took 15 years really taking shape. Then again, the diary’s disguise would perpetually torment the three companions as Amy lives in a visually impaired bliss, obscure to the mystery relationship Emma and Isaac had. It was to be sure a test on their companionship. The presentation moved me and motivated me to consider what has the more prominent significance, regardless of whether fellowship or love. The play additionally understands crowds on the best way to go up against or beat surprising issues in a center of a relationship and friendship.â I felt for Amy’s circumstance. Her problem was past that of Isaac and Emma. In the event that Isaac had informed Amy concerning their short involvement with his home, she would have not been disturbed that much. She would have been exceptional off knowing reality as opposed to living knowing nothing. In any case, they concealed reality whether it was purposeful, yet as an old buddy it would have better for Amy. In all actuality individuals get injured by coming clean yet the best harmed originates from companions who conclude it is smarter to lie as opposed to double-crossing them with reality.

Influence of Manager Role in a Conflicting Situation

Question: Talk about the Influence of Manager's Role in a Conflicting Situation. Answer: Presentation Administrative Actions manages the normal aptitudes for heading and the methods according to the occasions of advancement of exercises for the goals of intelligent issues. The present investigation peaks the points of assessment of the administration of perspectives that passes on the basic principles of frameworks and partner factures of the conduct inside and the remote conditions of wide-running example of foundations. The status just as awareness of the related representatives needs to grasp the considerable techniques and designs that breeds on the display of information and positive results (Canavan, 2013). There are different elements of authoritative plans and approaches that characterize the worries of decent varieties in taking care of the organization of faculty for particular establishments. The worldwide set-up should be carefully achieved with vital activities of a productive chief. The achievements of chief once in a while lead to disarrays and breaks in social and individual issues creating incredible hazards. This may arduously influence mental synchronization that theories ambiguities and confused situations in the work environment. The people developing from recognizing social and social frameworks in worldwide organizations hold unnoticeable norms and occasions of operational rules to achieve their motivations of particular interests (Herman, 2013). Discoveries Job of Manager The limit of operational groups needs the best possible direction of chiefs with different accountabilities and changes identifying with commitment just as performing various tasks (Lauby, 2015). This self-assuredness affirms the foundations to happen after moving businesses, creation methodologies and information based aptitudes of the workers. Numerical adaptability fuses the ability to adjust the figure of faculty or the entireness of times that each and every laborer performs, in response to the distinctions of interest. Money related adjustment incorporates an organization's ability to control commitment costs consequently to assets and solicitation at the outer efforts of commercial center. The reasons for down to earth notwithstanding logical tractability are furnished with peaceful conclusions to move discretely from trustworthy proportions of compensations. It is engaged in the track of adjusted associations stuck on execution. This would rouse and move the representatives t o guarantee long haul economical exertion that would allude to predominant commitment toward the fruitful introduction of procedures of business related issues (Manzoor, 2011). A foundation of adaptable game plan would include center arrangement of staff to involve all day workforces who might play out the noteworthy activities and obligations in the firm (Atkinson 1984). Neighboring the center staffs may stand the remote gatherings of work force named as fringe gatherings. There can be double sorts of remote bunches. The central sort of off the beaten path bunches involves of workforces that have ceaseless understandings, by and by has rarer word related openings in addition to less duty of security. The extra kind of distant assortments involves work sharing specialists, low maintenance administration holders, or staff that stay on transient shows. Portability inside the working environment is seen as an imperious and extreme component of current establishments. Advancing profitable strategies for tenderness in the working environment focuses to an essential degree in an association, as once such techniques are dynamic; it impacts in heightened yield, proficient fulfillment, a thankfulness in working solace, and at last prompts more fantastic effectiveness and execution in the practicable market circumstances. Opportunity of development details an exceptionally earth shattering measure while advancing work environment techniques and understanding the drawn out motivations behind a business (Anastasia, 2014). The drive and goal of crafted by administrator stands to decide and indicate the various explanations of gracefulness inside the spot of exertion; give more hugeness on by what implies work environment consistence augments commitment in addition to support to evade clashes. This needs to value the impression of the Atkinson all around established vision; structure of shows of adaptability game plans in foundations, the government aides in moving for the worry alongside members of representatives, course of action for preparing and advancement, strengthening of the faculty and by what strategy it in conclusion elevates to the accomplishment of any confirmed interest (Armstrong, 2010). Figure: Atkinson's adaptable class of exhibition of optimism (Source: Atkinson, 1984) Appropriately of the unremitting unorthodoxies in the business world, organizations which need gracefulness among their working circumstances are basically at high chance of disaster. Worldwide and inside serious weights; key monetary occasions and specialized differentiations guarantee the organizations to watch more prominent types of naïveté and capability, not to assign the systems decided on upset and mindfulness following the rousing business sector circumstances (Bishop, 2013). The promising highlights of the people wants to be esteemed through the usage of the capacities in reasonable roads of creation. The staffs should procure to sustain the scenes of aggregate method of operational culture other than utilizing bunch effort that present on the approaches of the main superiorities of the Manager. The inspiration and support of the representatives would decidedly esteem them to advance the inward distinction toward diligent standpoint, reported perception just as self-respects. This in the long run will bolster the corporate preparation and the administrations. (Nixon et al. 2012). The very much had effect of the way of life would completely underscore the confirmation of the employable assessments in the forthcoming time frame (Mazenod, 2013). Figure: Role of Manager (Source: McClelland, 2014) Supervisors as mediators Arrangement unfolds among two or further mutually dependent gatherings who guarantee a purported strife in the midst of their necessities, anyway acknowledge as evident a talked about end. Gatherings may not indistinguishably understand the nuances of mediation of supervisor. Chiefs should be an incredible agent. Arrangement remains as a contention settling improvement wherein two or included gatherings talk their dissimilarities and try to impact mollification on their aggregate goals In the arrangement of Distributive or, more than likely Zero Sum Negotiating, bargain is seen as the main advance to achieve matters to maintain a strategic distance from them to create more prominent and it costs the most reduced than beneficial difference assurance strategies. There is essentially one hero requesting evaluation for themselves which gains by singular beginning at the expense of the opposite side. Integrative or Non-Zero Summation of Negotiating may assist with perceiving the goals jus t as without dropping can create the centrality of evaluation. Distributive can prompt change with the ramifications of Integrative and the other way around (McLennan, 2013). As per the distributive arrangement procedure, first proposition is finished with making sure about proportions of counter recommendation - attaching cost for ensuing gathering may well discussion on the confirmations to back and the conditional records trade quicker with game plan that reaches out to any place approximating middle methodology. It is appropriate when as far as possible is little. The outcomes are not basic to both of the gatherings and the association in the midst of the gatherings isn't harmed with an accessible cost. .In this regard, if an executive has an uncommon capability of bargain, it might be helpful to the general public not only business-wise anyway it may influence relational relations since it conceivably will shorten the conflicts without valuation of tremendous elements of value (Schmitt, 2012). Directors as Mediators Intervention is the remarkable technique for the dedication according to the assurance of groupings that should be nice and backing to settle on the differences among two gatherings where there stay assorted elegances of discretion which exist as evaluative mediation and transformative examples of mollification. As a chief who settles on evaluative help style, the pioneer have an obligation to help the occasions to impact the assurance by coordinating out solid point and weakness of their condition and may predict what a judge or adjudicators would be relied upon to guarantee. Correspondingly, the evaluative mediator as a chief requires connoting unceremonious or formal endorsements to the gatherings to decide the impact of the worries (Whitley Glo?ser, 2014). As views the transformative judge as an executive, mediation should be established on the morals of approval for each and every individual from both the gatherings notwithstanding affirmation and the standards of discernment advantages, demands, and qualities other than the points of view. Besides, it is worthy to interconnect every one of the gatherings by complementing the compatibility concerning them. In this regard, the satisfaction utilizing the transformative way of assertion may be modern than others since every one of the indi viduals from the gatherings could detect their perspectives are very much seen in the method (Zvavahera, 2015). Fixated on two differing sophistications of the assertion, apparently the featuring job of the executive as a middle person individual stands on the recognition that directors should go to each partys point of view and value the issues of the contentions. Moreover, the administrative administrators have an obligation to find each partys necessities and wants which are indispensabl

The Terrorist Attacks and the Cherokee Theory of Violence Essay

The Terrorist Attacks and the Cherokee Theory of Violence Like most Americans, I have spent numerous minutes since the fear based oppressor assaults of 9/11 attempting to get a handle on both the demonstrations themselves and the apparently interminable chain of discouraging occasions following afterward. Albeit many have rediscovered confidence networks or a reestablished social activism as they continued looking for comprehension, I have submerged myself in the exercises of Cherokee culture and history. This history instructs me to arrange September eleventh with regards to different disasters that have happened on American soil. For instance, upwards of 10,000 Cherokee individuals died because of the constrained walk to Oklahoma known as the Trail of Tears B or, all the more precisely, the nuna dat suny, which truly interprets as they were crying in that place. Cherokee oral convention is loaded with stories recognizing the injury of what students of history indirectly call expulsion, and its physical, otherworldly and social injuries ma y never be totally recuperated. Different stories, and especially those in the class known as inception accounts, light up both 9/11 and Removal by empowering the rise of a particularly Cherokee basic hypothesis of savagery. One story recounts when creatures, angles, bugs, plants and people lived with one another in harmony and fellowship (see Mooney, pp. 250-252). In the end, in any case, people started to group and smash their creature accomplices out of heedlessness and disdain. Far and away more terrible, they imagined weapons of mass annihilation, for example, the blowgun and the lance that permitted them to execute creatures aimlessly. Every creature country at that point called a chamber and chose to concoct ailments dispensing agony and passing upon their human con artists. Under the capable pioneer... ...ely with each other and lived in harmony as accomplices, the simplicity of human offense allows no romanticized perspective on this Agolden age.@ Finally B and this is a substantially more fragmentary conceptualization B the story rejects its listeners the advantage of trashing, stifling or subduing viciousness. Savagery isn't something that others do to us, however something we exact upon others. The story therefore requests that we stand up to and disguise profoundly the results of brutality, and in this by itself offers a significantly significant model of reaction. Works Cited Arendt, Hannah. On Violence. San Diego, New York and London: Harcourt, Brace and Co. 1970 Mooney, James. Fantasies Of The Cherokee And Sacred Formulas Of The Cherokees: From nineteenth and seventh Annual Reports B.A.E. Nashville, Tennessee: Charles and Randy Elder‑Booksellers. 1982

Monetary Policy Addressing Recession Research Assignment - 1925 Words

Monetary Policy: Addressing Recession Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateMonetary Policy: Addressing RecessionIntroduction The economic development of any particular country reflects the well-being of its citizens. An economically stable country is able to give proper services and feed its people. In most cases, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is used to measure the state of the economy. GDP is also applicable when comparing the economic prowess of one country with another. It is the responsibility of any particular government to manipulate and control the growth of its economy. There are two major tools that are used in stimulating or slowing down economic growth in different countries. These are fiscal policies and monetary policies. The two are techniques initiated by the government in a bid to control inflation, unemployment or any other negativity that comes with inflation or a recession. This paper focuses primarily on monetary policy as a tool to pull an economy out of a recession and stimulate growth.Meaning of a Recession A recession refers to the period when an economy experiences a general fall in the GDP. This happens in two successive quarters of economic growth. There is a general fall in the industrial and trade activity in the affected country. A recession is mostly described with the conditions that it brings in a country (Miles 4). To begin with, the unemployment rates soar and industrial activity undergoes a persistent contraction. This means that industries have to lay off some of the workers as production falls. The result is that a significant percentage of the labor force would be jobless. This leads to reduced income since individuals become dependents on the working population. The demand for goods and services decrease to as a result. There is a general decrease in the standards of living for everyone (Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, and Moore). Other characteristics of a recession include the reducing prices of assets; for instance, the prices of houses and land decrease signifi cantly. Also, government borrowing, both from the local and foreign sources, increases considerably. Still, due to decreased demand, firms perform a destocking exercise where the spare stock is sold out at throw away prices. Heavy discounting follows implying that the prices of all goods fall. Inflation is low during this phase of the business cycle (Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, and Moore 8). Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy The two terms can be used interchangeably to address recession. Fiscal policy refers to the deliberate actions by the government aimed at stimulating economic growth. Such actions involve the manipulation of taxes and government spending in a bid to reverse the situation. The end result is a stimulated growth. Lowering of taxes accompanied by increased government spending increases aggregate demand, which in turn stimulates growth. On the other hand, monetary policy involves the manipulation of money supply and interest rates especially through the central bank to contr ol inflation or a recession. Money supply in an economy can influence the direction in which the business cycle heads. Too much money circulating in the economy brings about a decreased value for the same. As such, the prices of goods and services soar to high levels, resulting in inflation. Still, too little money in the economy brings about increased demand for the commodity. This results in a situation where the value for money is high. The central bank is instrumental in the control of the supply of money in the market. There are various methods used by the central bank in carrying out this function:Bank rate: This refers to the rate of interest charged by various banks for any loans advanced to individuals and firms. The central bank has the powers and the mandate to control the interest rates charged. In cases of high money supply in the market, the central bank increases the interest charged by commercial banks. This is done indirectly by increasing its own interest rates it charges on other banks. As such, to remain in business and foster profits, commercial banks are forced to increase their interest rates. The result is that less and less people would be willing to acquire loans from banks. The cost of capital would be just too high. The money supply in the market consequently goes down to desired levels.In cases of low money supply in the market, the central bank drives the interest charged by banks downwards. As a result, the cost of capital lowers and more people are attracted to obtaining money from banks. The result would be increased money supply in the market. Such loans are mainly meant for investment purposes (Mahadeva, Lavan and Gabriel 14).Open market operations (OMO): In open market operations, the government takes to buying and selling of securities to either increase or reduce the supply of money in the market. It is the sole responsibility of the central bank to advice the government on the direction of the money supply, and the measur es to take. When the supply of money is high, the government sells its securities at attractive prices to the public. The result is that, as people and firms use cash to buy such securities, the amount of money available in the market goes down. In the opposite case where the supply of money in the economy is high, the government buys back its securities from the public. This way, they are converted into cash in the market and money supply increases to desired levels (Mahadeva, Lavan and Gabriel 17).Cash reserve ratio: The cash reserve ratio is the amount of money that is legally required of commercial banks to keep with the central bank. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the total deposits in each individual bank. This amount is subject to change based on the prevailing market conditions, and the central bank has the mandate to adjust it. Such adjustments are done to control the supply of money in the market. The main assumption of this form of control is that investment c apital is what determines money supply. The commercial banks are also required to maintain a given level of liquidity or cash in their vaults, an amount that cannot be lent out. When the supply of money is high, the central bank increases the amount required of commercial banks to keep in reserve. This way, the amount of cash available at the banks for lending is low. Some of those seeking loans are therefore turned away. The supply of money in the market falls.In the case where money supply is low, the central bank decreases the amount that commercial banks are meant to keep in reserve. More funds are therefore available for lending to the general public. As such, firms and individual have more access to investment funds and money supply in the market increases as a result (Mahadeva, Lavan and Gabriel 20).How Monetary Policy Brings Recession to an End The Keynesian theory put forward a situation where the economy will always experience highs and lows. There are four quarters that a re used to describe the business cycle. There are therefore four different phases that describe the economy, and all characterized by different extremes of economic change, either positive or negative. A recession mostly is initiated by efforts by the government to decrease the rate of economic growth. When the rate is too high, a period mainly referred to as a boom, the rate of inflation tends to be too high. This is because the economy is experiencing a lot of expansion, unemployment rates are low and income is high (Miles 6). There is therefore surplus cash available to households to spend on goods and services. The implication is that the aggregate demand is at its peak. In a bid to control the negative effects of a fast growing economy such as inflation, the government sets monetary policy into operation. The main aim is to balance the money supply and demand. There are two major techniques applied in monetary policy to reduce economic stimulation: increasing interest rates a nd controlling money reserves held by banks. This results in controlled flow of money into the market (Miles 8). Reduced money supply decreases the rate of new investments in the economy. This results in decreased job opportunities, and a general reduction in aggregate demand. The demand for money increases, interest rates go up and industrial activity contracts. The overall result is decreased industrial and trade activity, which leads to slowing down of industrial growth. If this continues beyond one quarter of the business cycle, the result is a recession. A recession is a period of declining economic growth. Sometimes, the economic growth can be too low to the point that it is mistaken for a recession. For instance, a 0.5% growth rate is too low to be noticed by people, and can often be described as a recession. A recession is usually the preceding phase as the country heads i...

Commenting Assignment Paper on the 360 Performance Review - 2200 Words

Commenting Assignment Paper on the 360 Performance Review (Essay Sample) Content: Performance reviews 360-degreesNameProfessorCourseDatePerformance reviews play a vital role in human resources management in that they provide employees with valuable information concerning their job performance and can affect the well-being of an organization. The significance of an effective routine review cannot be emphasized enough the overall routine of an organization. Performance reviews can posses profound cause on levels of worker motivation and fulfillment. The primary duties of a manager in any organization are to evaluate the performance of his staff. Performance reviews are complicated and often provoke a sense of angst for managers as well as employees, and excellent communication on the part of the manager is essential. The spirit of the presentation review is to review the workers character, manner, potentials and past performance on the job. Performance reviews furnish an employee valuable information regarding their work habits; it identifies are as of improvement and development; it is also a time where changes to compensation and employment are discussed. There are many methods of performance reviews available to management all having the same end in mind that of providing the employee with information and direction. Having a tool that measures employee performance is paramount for the employee as well as management in that it provides a road map for the employee as well as the manager and allows them to strategize future development. A good performance review lets an employee know where they are going and what they need to get there "Employees want to know what they are doing well and where they can improve," says Kristen Leverone, a senior vice president at outplacement and coaching giant Lee Hecht Harrison. "Career conversations are critical to engagement and retention." Performance reviews have evolved throughout the years. No longer is management limited to the traditional or "free form" review where employee per formance was discussed between the supervisor and the employee, with no input from others. (Fakharyan, Behrooz, Dehafarin 2012). Over the years the non-traditional review methods have evolved and are now common practice. The 360-degree review method is one of the newer methods of providing work-related feedback to employees.360-Degree ReviewMany organizations use 360-degree review or multi-source feedback when conducting performance reviews. Approximately 40 percent of organizations use multisource feedback (MSF) in some capacity. Flatter organizations, formalized leadership development efforts, and cross-functional work arrangements have contributed to the prevalence of MSF process The method allows for more excellent feedback in regards to employee job performance in that it solicits information concerning an employee's performance from many sources. In many instances the information garnered from this review method is provided by an employee's co-workers, direct reports, supervi sors, as well as the employee himself. It is very different from the traditional review method in that it is collaborative in nature, and allows for a more comprehensive review of an employee in that colleagues from various departments are given the opportunity to provide feedback regarding an employee this is not possible in a traditional review. The 360 review looks at several characteristics such as an employee's behaviors and traits, past performance, developmental needs, strengths, and weakness. This information is compiled to give an extensive picture of how the person's skills and demeanor are viewed by others. This method of review relieves some of the angst that employees feel in that the supervisor is not solely responsible for the review. "It frees you as in individual and as an organization from being held hostage by the views of your bosses, "said 360 evaluator Bruce Sevy of PDI Ninth House in Minneapolis (Taylor, 2011). Technology has substantially impacted the way i n which review are being conducted. The internet has made it has made convenient for employees, peers, and managers to perform employees reviews online.Conducting an effective 360 Degree ReviewFor reviews to be well received and accomplish their mission, they must be given in a manner that is beneficial to the employee as well as the manager. The 360-degree review is no exception. To conduct a 360-degree review, there are certain roles and responsibilities that need to be followed to create a favorable review. These roles are an administrator, subject, manager, and reviewer. Each of these roles comes with specific responsibilities in the 360-degree review process.The AdministratorThe administrator is responsible for preparing for the review, conducting interviews, presenting results, and aiding the reviewed employee with developmental plans. It is important that the manager of the employee not be the administrator to avoid a conflict of interest. The administrator role is imp ortant in that they serve the interest of the employee, not the manager, and the 360-degree review should be looked like a tool to help an employee develop valuable skills. The purpose of the 360-review is not to judge but to provide feedback and a framework for development.The SubjectThe subject is the person being reviewed by their managers, coworkers, and clients. It is important that the subject understands that this process is a tool to help them in their development, it provides the employee with valuable information regarding their work behaviors and traits through the eyes of others. There is not right or wrong this is the opportunity for the subject to see himself as others see him this may be uncomfortable. It is important that the subject recognizes that the purpose is not to judge but to provide honest feedback to help in development. In some instances, the subject may be asked to review themselves in that it helps to identify any blind spots an employee may have. After the review, the employee can decide to take the information provided to make changes or not, without change there is no growth.The ReviewersTypically the number of reviewers range anywhere from 5-10 people who are asked by the administrator to answer questions concerning the subject with the purpose of providing valuable feedback concerning the subject as well as rate the subjects skills. There will be some working relationship between the subject and the reviewers such as a co-worker, customer, or team member. The manager is not part of this process. The information provided will give the subject insight as to where improvement needs to occur and what skills need to be developed. The raters have a responsibility to the subject in that the information they provide should be constructive, honest, and anonymous.The ManagerManagers play an active role in the 360-review process; their feedback is tracked and recorded separately in that they are approaching this process from a different perspective. Their role is similar to a reviewer in that they will be asked questions concerning the subject's skills, behaviors, and work relationships. The hard part for a manager will be remembering that the goal of the 360 review is not to measure job effectiveness of the employee (Vanek, 2016). The manager and the employee should already know how well they are performing; the information should not be a surprise to the employee. After the review, the manager and the administrator will meet to discuss development options for the subject to assist him with improving skills and relationships. The manager needs to make a commitment to the subject by providing tools, time and encouragement as the subject implements the changes.360-Degree Review and its effects on compensationA 360-degree review is an excellent tool for development and providing employees a road map for future success. The 360-degree analysis promotes leadership skills of an employ. In the process of t he overall individual performance ability and competence one gets to realize their potentials. The realization of one's potentials enables one to advanced in their skills and workstations. The performance review of an organization enables one to make the right and sound decisions for the firm. The reviews based on the continuous 360-degree assessments helps to mitigate any possibility of partiality by bringing multiple choices into the equation. The information enables the organization to impartially address the potential inequality in the work place. The reviews also help in eliminating the fear of failure by encouraging the employs to take risks. The employees are encouraged to develop new ideas. However, the performance reviews also do have negative impacts on the compensations. It is a potential source of stress to most employees. It should be seen as a strategy to solve employee problems but to some employees, it is not the case. Some employees see it as a source of stress. Not very many employees would love to be evaluated. It, therefore, brings sickness to them due to the phobia. The performance evaluation may stifle breakthrough innovation as the pay may not reflect advancement making compensation of difficult to achieve. It is not a useful tool when tied to compensation. There are too many variables that can get in the way that can influence and affect an employee's compensation. Factors such as bias, competitiveness, and lack of understanding are all ways that can influence the outcome of a 360-Degree review and therefore compensation should not be tied to it. Grote said that applying 360-degree feedback to development or coaching "probably doesn't do much harm," but when it is used for determining compensation and promotion, misleading information may be provided "by the office screw-up who does not know anything anyway. And also by the guy down the hall bucking for the same promotion I am (...

The Trade Deficit and Exchange Rates

Since the U.S. Dollar is weak, shouldnt that imply we export more than we import (i.e., foreigners get a good exchange rate making US goods relatively cheap)? So why does the U.S. have an enormous trade deficit? Trade Balance, Surplus, and Deficit Parkin and Bades Economics Second Edition defines trade balance as: The value of all the goods and services we sell to other countries (exports) minus the value of all the goods and services we buy from foreigners (imports) is called our trade balance If the value of the trade balance is positive, we have a trade surplus and we export more than we import (in dollar terms). A trade deficit is just the opposite; it occurs when the trade balance is negative and the value of what we import is more than the value of what we export. The United States has had a trade deficit for over the last ten years, though the size of the deficit has varied during that period. We know from A Beginners Guide to Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market that changes in exchange rates can greatly impact various parts of the economy. This was later confirmed in A Beginners Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory where we saw that a fall in the exchange rates will cause foreigners to buy more of our goods and us to buy less foreign goods. So theory tells us that when the value of the U.S. Dollar falls relative to other currencies, the U.S. should enjoy a trade surplus, or at least a smaller trade deficit. If we look at the U.S. Balance of trade data, this doesnt seem to be happening. The U.S. Census Bureau keeps extensive data on U.S. trade. The trade deficit does not appear to be getting smaller, as shown by their data. Here is the size of the trade deficit for the twelve months from November 2002 to October 2003. Nov. 2002 (38,629)Dec. 2002 (42,332)Jan. 2003 (40,035)Feb. 2003 (38,617)Mar. 2003 (42,979)Apr. 2003 (41,998)May. 2003 (41,800)Jun. 2003 (40,386)Jul. 2003 (40,467)Aug. 2003 (39,605)Sep. 2003 (41,341)Oct. 2003 (41,773) Is there any way we can reconcile the fact that the trade deficit is not decreasing with the fact that the U.S. Dollar has been greatly devalued? A good first step would be to identify who the U.S. is trading with. U.S. Census Bureau data gives the following trade figures (imports exports) for the year 2002: Canada ($371 B)Mexico ($232 B)Japan ($173 B)China ($147 B)Germany ($89 B)U.K. ($74 B)South Korea ($58 B)Taiwan ($36 B)France ($34 B)Malaysia ($26 B) The United States has a few key trading partners such as Canada, Mexico, and Japan. If we look at the exchange rates between the United States and these countries, perhaps we will have a better idea of why the United States continues to have a large trade deficit despite a rapidly declining dollar. We examine American trade with four major trading partners and see if those trading relationships can explain the trade deficit:

Racism in Divine Wind by Gary Disher Essay - 629 Words

Today I want to address the issues of the novel Divine Wind authored by Gary Disher. Throughout the novel many problems occur. Some of the main problems are racial and equality issues. Events in this book show how prejudice and intolerance can ruin numerous friendships and change lives. When WWII was declared in Broome, Western Australia 1939 to 1945 Japan became Australia’s enemy, Asia is approximately 3,862 miles away from the coast of Broome, due to this, people from Asia that country looking for an escape would easily get on a boat an sail to the tip, Broome then suddenly exposed to more people who are different from the norm. Concerns about the Japanese-Australians as well as Aboriginals had an impact on Australians as they†¦show more content†¦Australia in this time was quite defensive about whom they trusted. Even Japanese-Australians, they had an issue towards them simply because the higher authorities thought they would turn on them. Disher tries to imply his view that loyalty within the authorities was at high demand and this portrays the distrust they held against anyone who questioned them. The judgment against the aboriginal and Japanese people increased during the war period. An example for this would be the name calling by the locals at the Penrose family even though they stayed loyal towards each other and their friends. ABORIGINAL RACISM In the chapter ‘Desired earth’ there was a discussion between Morrissey who is a military commander, Lester Webb, Carl and Alice who takes care of derby whom is aboriginal. â€Å"The abos are going to be a liability if the japs land† Morrissey to Carl And â€Å"if the abos cause trouble we can shoot them, no questions asked† Lester to Alice They all had a discussion about the ‘foreign’ people and how they would turn against Australian people, all three men made harsh statements while Alice stood up for what she believed. They as in aboriginal and Japanese people are not bad. JAPANESE INTERNMENT (concentration camps for Japanese people) During WWII and around that time period things got pretty heated towards different races, Chinese taxi drivers were bashed and when they would be selling their goods at markets to get money to even survive they wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Construction of Derby Boxer-Divine Wind1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Wind – Q1 The Construction of Derby Boxer In the years preceding the First World War, Australia was rife with racism, sexism, suspicion, and class prejudice. However, Broome in Australia’s north-west, was a place of notable exception. Its inhabitants of Japanese, Aboriginal and European lived in a semi-balance of equality. This relationship was needed because; only as a symbiotic society could the community develop and grow in such an isolated and remorseless environment. Gary Disher’s

Essay Concepts of Communication in Parent Child...

â€Å"Communication is the key† is a quote that is often repeated. In every single relationship communication is essential. Especially among parents and children. Communication between parent and child has always been important. Today, however, there is an even greater focus, especially in light of all the things children face at school and in everyday life. Without a parent knowing what is going on in the life and mind of their child, it is hard to really understand what they are going through. Communication is the starting point of understanding. Children learn communication from their parents. Communication is not something that can be studied; it is something that people have to learn by doing. As a parent, good communication needs†¦show more content†¦A parent who is involved in the child’s life will be more likely to influence that child. When a child knows what standards that their parents have for them, they will more likely obey and want to please thei r parents. Respect for a child is also important. When listening to a child, make sure to respect what they are saying and really listen to them. Listening is sometimes hard when someone is saying something that the other person may not agree with. But a parent needs to just sit back and listen. And, in return, a parent who is aware of and respects their child’s feelings, will promote greater communication from the child. Listening is something that more parents need to work on. When a child approaches their parent, they are probably wanting to talk about or ask something important to them. Even if the topic isn’t important to the parent or is something that is debatable between them, the child wants to be heard. Then when the child is done sharing and asks for input, the parent can tell them how they feel. Nothing is more aggravating than a parent who always wants to tell the child how they should do things without even listening to what the child wants. So parents ne ed to be sure to listen. Two-way interaction promotes confidence and security, and a secure child is one who will open up and communicate To gain respect from children, parents must also give in. Be firm in yourShow MoreRelatedCommunication And Relational Closeness Between A Parent And A Child971 Words   |  4 Pagesdivorce. Moreover, this study will focus on the two communication variables of communication competence and relational closeness to further understand the role of communication in a divorce and its ability to affect the family unit. Ambiguity and Relational Closeness Divorces happen at high rates and, many times, divorces often affect marriages with children (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). During the divorce, it is common to find that parents are less committed to particular stances and may relyRead MoreSame Sex Parenting And Parents Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication in their situation. There are a number of same sex parents in society today. Same sex families are no different from other families, but there are a few unique challenges that occasionally arise. Same sex parents still have a very effective style of parenting. I can see how a child’s success still comes from the quality of the parent-child relationships. Demographics: It is difficult to attain a precise count of same-sex parent families in the United States today. I believe this is dueRead MoreRelationship Between My Father And It1425 Words   |  6 PagesRelationships are one of the most important necessities to living out a normal life, especially those whom are family relationships. I’ve grown to develop strong family relations from both sides of the family tree. There have been periods of time where the frequency of communication slows, but for the most part I’m close with many members of my family. School can get busy, making it difficult to put forth that extra effort to remain in contact with many of my intermediate family members. The relationshipRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On A Family1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdivorce, communication is a central component of minimizing the stress associated with a divorce taking place within a family. Divorce is often linked to negativity and downgraded relationships throughout the family unit- particularly with respect to children (Thomas, Booth†Butterfield, M., Booth†Butterfield, S., 1995, p. 229). However, research indicates that communication can minimize the negative effects on a family during a divorce. This is understandable considering that communication has aRead MoreSean Houlihan s Views On Communication Skills1448 Words   |  6 Pagesbetterment of his students. 7. Sean Houlihan s Views on Communication Skills A person like Sean Houlihan could be the foremost expert in Social Studies, but without the proper communication skills, that knowledge will not translate to his students. 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The goal of creating the group called Healthy Sexual Relationships is to foster beneficial dialogues with par ents and child that teach the youthRead MoreThe Way Of Self Regulation1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe way self-regulation occurs will change over time based off of what culture the child lives in. For instance, crying is an acceptable form of self-regulation for a baby, but not for a teenager so the teenager must find another way to self-regulate when a challenge pops up (neurons to neighborhoods). A part of self-regulation (which falls under the emotional part of self-regulation) that is very important for infants to develop is effortful control, or how well the infant can prevent impulses,Read MoreAttachment Theory As A Framework For Understanding Interpersonal And Emotional Outcomes Of Adults1442 Words   |  6 Pagesof adults. Attachment theory also creates, an understanding of how parent relationships, affects a child’s early physiological development throughout adult-hood. In the past, research done on father -child relationships, has generally, focused on the attachme nt the child develops, when the father is absent in the child’s early stages of development. In my research, I found recent studies, performed on father-child relationships, and how secure attachment bonds are developed, when the father is notRead MoreEvaluation Of An Effective Teacher And Parent Is Positive930 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a new concept is introduced, it needs to be reconciled with our previous ideas and experience. We may need to change what we believe, but in any case, as educators we need to remain receptive acceptors of new ideas and enhance our own knowledge. To do this, we must ask questions, explore, and assess our shared similar experiences, as we observe each other and discuss teaching methodologies. This type of inquiry helps us improve by strengthening connections among us, the educators. We areRead MoreImpact of Social Media on Relationships Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pagesstrangers across the world. As the evolution of communication continues, t echnology progresses and social networking grows. Social networks like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook have grown to have billions of users. In fact in today’s society, it is necessary or nearly expected to use one if not all of these technological communication networks. The increasing use of social networking has had both a negative and positive effect on communication in relationships. The purpose of this literary analysis is

Being Called Into Ministry Is More To Me Than A Job, It

Being called into Ministry is more to me than a job, it is a calling from the Lord Jesus Christ to proclaim the Gospel to every tongue and nation. I did not enter the ministry for prestige, because mother said I should, or for the monetary benefits. I entered the minister because The Lord placed upon my life a strong calling to serve in a full time capacity. I was asked; how does someone know that they are called to the ministry. I answered them in a question. Can you be happy doing anything else? I believe the scripture to be inerrant and perfect and the complete word of God. I will preach it, teach it and share in until the day I take my last breath of life on this earth. I have studied under many pastors who preached the†¦show more content†¦This is the conclusion of desires for today’s church member. However this is contrary to what the Lord teaches pastors and teachers to do. Let me remind you that in 2 Timothy 4:3-5, the Bible warns us that: â₠¬Å"For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.† What a powerful truth! People want their own desires. There is an element regarding preaching we should consider. The element is known as the â€Å"mandate to preach†. There are many references in the bible of mandates to preach the word. To list a few that comes to mind are Matthew 28:19-2, â€Å"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.† 2 Timothy 2:2 states, â€Å"And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also.† 2Timothy 4:2 â€Å"Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.† And finally, Titus 2:1 says, ButShow MoreRelatedEvery Living Soul Is Born With A Purpose Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pageshammered into our head that we must obtain a job to buy the things we need and make a living. We are born into this world with societies influence to, at the right ag e, depart from our parents and live on our own. We are brought up to know that the goal in life is to get married, start a family and support your loved ones. 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Bergala Resorts Assesment of Tourism with Sustainable Managment of Environmental Resources free essay sample

â€Å"An Earth Lung Destination† A Private Land in the Dadayampola Village, Thiruwanakanda, Beragala An Assessment of Tourism with Sustainable Management of Environmental Resources – -Sustainable development through regeneration and re-planting programmes -engaging and sustaining communities -involving the local community in developing income generation programmes -Local environmental, economic, and quality of life benefits -Protecting species and their habitats -eco conscious trail building -planting medicinal plants/herbs Future Environmental Programmes -bio fuels -hydro power -carbon conservation Report For Alpha Omega Developers Pvt Limited 102/3 Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo 07 March 2007 STUDY TEAM Dr. Gamini Hitinayake, Team Leader / Forestry Specialist, (Senior Lecturer/ University of Peradeniya), Mr. K. B. Ranawana, Flora and Fauna Specialist (Senior Lecturer / University of Peradeniya), Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National Building Research Organization), Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist), Mr. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist), Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist), Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist). Study Team Name / Expertise Dr. Gamini Hitinayake, Team Leader / Forestry Specialist, (Senior Lecturer / University of Peradeniya) see www. pdn. ac. lk for more details. . He is a well-known and a leading Forestry Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. K. B. Ranawana, Fauna Specialist (Senior Lecturer / University of Peradeniya). see www. pdn. ac. lk for more details. He is a well-known and leading Fauna Specialist in Sri Lanka. Mr. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, Geologist (National Building Research Organization-NBRO) He is working as a senior geologist attached to NBRO. He is well-known and leading Geologist in Sri Lanka. Mr. V. A. M. P. K Samarawickrama (Fauna Specialist) Experience as a Fauna Specialist: †¢Bio-diversity survey ,Phase two -Upper kotmale Hydropower Project , conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka. †¢Bio-diversity assesment-2004, Rakawa,Ussangoda and Kalamatiya Sanctuaries,conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka. †¢Fauna survey (Horton Plain National Park, Knuckles FR, Bundala National park). Mr. A. M. D. B. Alahakoon (Flora Specialist) Experience as a Flora Specialist: †¢Flora team, Seasonal variation and availability of food preferences by herbivore in Udawalawa National Park, Conducted by University of Peradeniya. Mr. Amila Ranasinghe (Flora Specialist) Experience as a Flora Specialist: †¢Flora team Bio-diversity survey,Phase two -Upper Kotmale Hydropower Project, conducted by IUCN-Sri Lanka Mr. P. R. S. D. Bandaranayake (Flora Specialist) Presently working as a Technical Officer assigned for identification of flora and assisting forestry research Experience as a Flora Specialist: Worked 06 years at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya as a Gardener. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Eco-tourism Tourism based on the natural ecological features of the area as opposed to manufactured attractions or features like old forts and structures is referred to as ecotourism. This nature tourism promotes conservation and supports sustainable development. Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature and any accompanying cultural features that promote conservation, have a negative visitation impact and provide for substantial beneficial active socioeconomic involvement of local populations. Under the right circumstances, ecotourism has proven to be one of the most effective means to finance biodiversity conservation. In most rich biodiversity areas, actual revenue flows for ecotourism are better than non-timber forest products and biopharmacy, and comparable only to agroforestry. Because the dominating land use in protected areas and buffer zones is agriculture and forestry, ecotourism is an opportunity for the creation of additional income to farmers / foresters and to generate financial means for the management of protected areas, especially where governmental park management agencies have little resources. 1. 2 Agrotourism and Agro-ecotourism : The symbiotic relationship between tourism and agriculture that can be found in agrotourism (i. e. holidays on farmland) is a key element of an environmentally and socially responsible tourism in rural areas. Rural hospitality offers new employment and income generating opportunities for rural populations, including agrotourism as expression and cultural exchange of agricultural practices, artistic heritage and craftsmanship and culinary traditions. Agrotourism may take several forms: holiday farms, farmhouse bed-and-breakfast, farm camping, mountain resorts, equestrian centres and other forms of rural accommodations. Such facilities are an innovative payment system for environmental services generated on and around agricultural lands While ecotourism is nature-based and agrotourism is farm-based, agro-ecotourism is a combination of both. The rural landscape, usually a combination of wild and agro-ecosystems, is the most important resource for tourism development. It is obvious that a diversified agricultural landscape, with semi-natural habitats, has a greater aesthetic and recreational potential over uniform, degraded and/or polluted agricultural areas. In Europe, agri-environmental policies often promoted organic agricultural activities as a most effective means for landscape conservation: for example, the European Union Life Environment project run by the French Federation of Parks and Reserves adopted extensive animal husbandry to prevent the negative impacts of unmanaged forests on some botanical meadow species and to promote a landscape quality attractive to tourists. Examples from the Alpine Region showed that agriculture (e. g. in Carinthia, Austria) maintained an ecological value much more attractive to tourists than areas where agriculture activities were extremely reduced. Tropical countries that harbour extraordinary biodiversity have an untapped potential for generating tourism business around biodiversity-rich farms. For example, shade cacao and coffee farms have a higher biodiversity than forest habitats: families could receive money for visitors access to their land for bird-watching or could be actively involved in the agro-ecotour. Agro-ecotourism in certain locations provides a strong economic incentive to small farmers to commit to biodiversity-friendly agriculture management. 2. Components of the project: PROPOSED AGRI TOURISM ACTIVITIES. Over night Stay: Lodging and Camping †¢Bed and Breakfast only with organic foods. †¢Herbal Tea and other Herbal Drinks, such as Centella / Ranawara/ Rose /Beli etc. †¢Camp sites. †¢Stay in Log Cabins. †¢Rental Cabins for day trip/picnics . †¢Wedding, Reception Honeymoons. Off the farm †¢Farmers Markets. †¢Road side produce stands. †¢Udawalawe / Kataragama / Hill Country. †¢Tea Gardens Factories †¢Cinnamon Gardens †¢Historical sites †¢Samanalawewa reservoir / Dam. †¢Landslides Recreation activities and events †¢Organic Vegetable Cultivations. †¢Picturesque jungles/ savanna lands. Fishing †¢Identification of flora / fauna. †¢Tea tasting. †¢Sludge holding ponds. †¢Natural stones houses. †¢Hiking. †¢Rock climbing. †¢Bird watching. †¢Meditation. Other planting activities: †¢Medicinal Garden †¢Botanical Garden †¢Road side planting †¢Kumbuk †¢Ar icanuts †¢Jak †¢Palm. †¢Aloe Vera. Community service projects Some component of the project income could be spent on the community service projects. †¢Schools †¢Playground †¢Community center †¢Water supply for local community †¢Electricity for local community †¢Any other long felt needs as identified by the local community 3. Methodology: A survey was conducted in the proposed land between 28th December 2006 and 15th January 2007 in order to evaluate the potential of the proposed land for ecotourism. A team of specialists in the fields of forestry, flora, fauna and geology participated in the survey. 4. Findings of the study 4. 1 Location and access: The proposed land can be accessed from Balangoda via Kaltota, Meddabedda and from Beragala junction via Tiriwanagama. The proposed land is located in the Badulla districts. 4. 2 Climate and soil: The proposed land falls in the mid country intermediate zone of Sri Lanka, more specifically its within the IM2b agro-ecological region. The 75% annual rainfall expectancy of the area is over 1600 mm (Agro-ecological map of Sri Lanka, 2003). The elevation is approximately 200-300m above mean sea level. The rainfall distribution of the area is such that mid January to February and June to Mid September is dry, while other months of the year are wet. The study area has a very steep, hilly and rolling terrain. Table 1. Dry / wet months Dadayampola. MonthMAMJJASONDJF Wet / dry monthsWWW DDDD/WWWWW/DD Cropping season********** The soils of the study area is consists of Reddish Brown Latosolic, Immature Brown Loam, Red Yellow Podzolics and Low Humic Gley in the low lying areas. The physical characteristics of these soils are moderate to deep, well drained and relatively less susceptible for soil erosion. 4. 3 Land Use: Land use in the proposed land is shown in the Table 1. This shows that most of the land is covered with natural vegetation. This natural vegetation, uneven topography and natural streams that flowing through and bordering the land have given rise to diverse range of habitats and eco-units. These landscape characters have made this proposed land having so much of biodiversity and visual amenity. If developed properly this land could be made into a paradise for eco-tourists. The wealth of biodiversity recorded in different land use is discussed in a different section. Table 1. Land use in the proposed land in the Dadayampola. Vegetation typeExtent (acres) Riparian vegetation 43 Dense / primary forest305 Secondary forest 80 Savanna forest195 Rice fields 05 Total628 acres PART I. EVALUATION OF FLORAL BIODIVERSITY A detailed survey was conducted to evaluate the plant diversity in the land. The plant diversity in the different vegetation types were recorded. The details are discussed in the following section. The composition of both woody and herbaceous plants were recorded during the survey. The common name, botanical name, family to which species belong, horizontal strata that species was recorded, growth form, conservation status and their dominance in the plant community was recorded. The summary Table shown below indicates that there is a high plant diversity in the proposed land. It also consist of reasonable number of endemic species. Summary: Plant diversity in the proposed land. Vegetation TypeTrees, shrubs and lianasGrasses and herbs SpeciesFamiliesEndemicSpeciesFamiliesEndemic Primary forest 502605 Secondary forest4322012812- Savanna1410000403- Rice fields0706002913- Riparian462505 1. PRIMARY FOREST: PRIMARY FOREST -Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadullaTreeEndemicCDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCD/GVCanopy/Sub Canopy ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk-aththanaTreeNativeDCanopy ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ArecaceaeCalamus sppWe welWoody ClimberNative BignoniaceaeStereospermum colais (S. ersonatum)Dunu madalaTreeNativeDCanopy ClusiaceaeGarcinia morellaGorakaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBuluTreeNativeCDCanopy EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltaaKendaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu kendaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus polyphyllusKuratiyaSmall TreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory EuphorbiaceaeMischodon zeylanicusT hammanaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory EuphorbiaceaeDimarphocalyx glabellusWelivennaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy/Understory EuphorbiaceaeDrypetes sepiariaWeeraTreeNativeD/CDCanopy FabaceaeAlbizzia odoratissimaHuri MaraTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeCentrosema pubescensCentroLianaNative FabaceaeCassia siameaWaTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeEntada pusaethaPus welWoody LianaNative FlacortarceaeFlacourtia sppUguressaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy HernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gasTreeNativeDCanopy HippocrateaceaeSalacia reticulataHimbutuWoody ClimberNativeGVGround Vegetation LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory LauraceaeLitsea glutinosaBomeeTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNative MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolata (W. piscida)Kiri-konTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa baccifera HalbabiyaWoody ShrubNativeGVGround Vegetation MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti GasTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeFicus microcarpaPanu-nugaTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeFicus tinctoriaWal-ahetuTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy/Understory MyristicaceaeHorsfieldia iryaghedhiRuk TreeEndemicCDSub Canopy MyristicaceaeMyristicadactyloidesMalabadaTreeEndemicCDCanopy OchnaceaeOchna lanceolataBo keraSmall TreeNativeCD/GVUnderstory PiperaceaePiper sylvestreWal-gammirisClipersEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeAdina cordifoliaKolonTreeNativeDSub Canopy RutaceaeAcronychia pedunculataUn kendaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBuruthaTreeNativeDCanopy RutaceaeNaringi crenulataWal BeliTreeNativeCDUnderstory RutaceaeGlycosmis mauritianaBol panaSmall TreeNativeGVUnderstory SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy/Understory SapindaceaeGlenniea unijugaWal moraTreeEndemicCDSub Canopy/Understory SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKonTreeNativeDCanopy SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelangTreeNativeD/CD/GVCanopy/Sub Canopy/Understory SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelambuTreeNativeDCanopy TiliaceaeGrewia oriantalisWel KeliaWoody ClimberNativeCDUnderstory UlmaceaeCeltis cinnamomiaGurendaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy/Sub Canopy VerbenaceaePremna tomentosaSeruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation 2. SECONDARY FOREST- ABANDONED SUGAR CANE AND HOMEGARDENS SECONDARY FOREST Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmbaTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy CombretaceaeTerminalia bellericaBuluTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKatakelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeJatropha curcasWeta endaruTreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltataKendaTreeNativeDCanopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu petta,HampirillaTreeNativeDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus polyphyllusKuratiyaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeCassia spectabilisKaha konaTreeIntroducedCDSub Canopy FabaceaeBauhinia racemosaMilaTreeNativeCDCanopy FabaceaeGliricidia sepiumWeta-maraTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FabaceaeTamarindus indicaSiyabalaTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FlacortarceaeFlacourtia sppUguressaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus venenataMakuluTreeEndemicDCanopy LauraceaeCinnamomum sppKuruduSmall TreeNativeCDUnderstory LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCDCanopy/Sub canopy LauraceaeLitsia glutinosaBo-meeTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MagnoliaceaeMichelia champacaSapuTreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNativeSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa bacciferaHal BabiyaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKosTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy MoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MyrtaceaePsidium guajavaPeraSmall TreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy PiperaceaePiper nigrumGammirisClipersCultivated PuniccaceaePunica granatumDelumWoody ShrubIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaePavetta indicaPawattaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeAcronychia pedunculataUn kendaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeGlycosmis mauritianaBol panaSmall TreeNativeGVUnderstory RutaceaeCitrus sppDodanSmall TreeIntroduced/CultivatedCDSub Canopy SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelangTreeNativeCD/GVUnderstory SterculiaceaeHelicteres isoraLihiniyaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy TiliaceaeGrewea damineDamaniTreeNativeCDSub Canopy TiliaceaeMicrocos paniculataKohukirillaTreeNativeDCanopy TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHul milla TreeNativeDCanopy UlmaceaeTrema orientalisGedumbaTreeNativeDCanopy VerbenaceaeClerodendrum infortunatumPinnaWoody ShrubNativeCDUnderstory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy VerbenaceaeGm elina asiaticaKethi dmataWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation SECONDARY FOREST Grasses and herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form AcanthaceaeJusticia betonica Sudu purukHerb AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes asperaGas Karal HebaHerb AsteraceaeSynedrella nodifloraHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeAgeratum conyzoidesHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeVernonia cinereaMonara kudumbiyaHerb AsteraceaeMikania cordataGahala welLiana AsteraceaeEupatorium odoratumPodisinhomaranShrub ColchicaceaeGloriosa superbaNiyagalaLiana CommelinaceaeCommelina diffusaGira-palaGrass CommelinaceaeCommelina bengalensisDiya meneriGrass CommelinaceaeCynotis cristataBolvilaGrass EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus amarusPitawakkaHerb EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia hirtaBu-dada-kiriyaHerb FabaceaeDesmodium triflorumHeen udupiyaliHerb FabaceaeMimosa pudicaNidikumbaHerb FabaceaeClitoria ternatiaKata roduLiana MalvaceaeSida acutaGas-bevilaHerb MalvaceaeSida veronicifoliaBevilaHerb MalvaceaeUrena lobataPatta apelaHerb MalvaceaeHibiscus furcatusNapiriththaClimber MenispermaceaeCyclea burmanniiKasipiththanLiana PoaceaeDigitaria sppGrass PoaceaeCyrtococcum trigonumGrass PoaceaePanicum maximumGinea grassGrass PoaceaeBrachiaria sppGrass TiliaceaeTrumfetta pentandraEpalaHerb VerbenaceaeStachytarpheta urticaefoliaBalu NagutaHerb VerbenaceaeLantana camaraGandapanaWoody Shrub 3. SAVANNA FOREST Savanna Forests: Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata CombretaceaeAnogeissus latifollusDawuTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBuluTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia chebulaAraluTreeNativeDCanopy EuphobiaceaePhyllanthus emblicaNelliTreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaePterocarpus indicusWal GammaluTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeBauhinia racemosaMyilaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy LaecythidacaeaeCareya arboreaKahataTreeNativeCDSub Canopy LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeGVUnderstory LythraceaeWoodfordia fruticosaMaliththaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RhamnaceaeZizyphus mauritianaDembaraWoody ClimberNative RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody ClimberNative RubiaceaeCanthium coromandelicumKaraShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBuruthaTreeNativeGVUnderstory TiliaceaeGrewia damaniDamaniTreeNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation Savanna Forests: Grass and Herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form PoaceaeCymbopogon nardusPagiri ManaGrass AsteraceaeEupatorium odoratumPodisinhomaranShrub AsteraceaeElephantopus scaberAth adiHerb LabiataeLeucas zeylanicaThumbaHerb 4. ABANDONED PADDY FIELD Abandoned Paddy Field: Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata FabaceaeGliricidia sepiumWeta-maraTreeIntroduced/CultivatedDCanopy FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhelaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy LaecythidacaeaeCareya arboreaKahataTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MeliaceaeCipadessa baccifera HalbabiyaWoody ShrubNativeGVGround Vegetation RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative SterculiaceaeHelicteres isoraLihiniyaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy VerbenaceaeVitex negundoNikaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation Abandoned Paddy Field: Grass and Herbs FamilyScientific NameVernacular NameGrowth Form AcanthaceaeJustica betonica Sudu purukHerb AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes asperaGas Karal HebaHerb AsteraceaeSynedrella nodifoliaHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeAgeratum conyzoidesHulan thalaHerb AsteraceaeVernonia cinereaMonara kudumbiyaHerb AsteraceaeMikania cordataGahala welLiana AsteraceaeEupatorium oderatumPodisinhomaranShrub CommelinaceaeCynotis sppGrass CyperaceaeCyperus sppGrass CyperaceaeFimbristylis sppGrass EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus amarusPitawakkaHerb EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia hirtaBu-dada-kiriyaHerb FabaceaeDesmodium triflorumHeen udupiyaliHerb FabaceaeMimosa pudicaHerb FabaceaeClitoria ternatiaKata roduLiana LamiaceaeLeucas zeylanicaThumbaHerb MalvaceaeSida veronicifoliaBevilaHerb MalvaceaeSida acutaGas BevilaHerb MalvaceaeUrena lobataPatta apelaHerb MenispermaceaeCyclea peltataKasipiththanLiana PoaceaeImperata cylindricaIllukGrass PoaceaeDigitaria sppGrass PoaceaeCyrtococcum trigonumGrass PoaceaePanicum maximumAth-manaGinea grassGrass PoaceaeBrachiaria sppGrass PoaceaeEragrostis tenellaGrass TiliaceaeTrumfetta pentandraEpalaHerb VerbenaceaeLantana camaraGadapanaWoody Shrub VerbenaceaeStachytarpheta jamaicensisBalu NagutaShrub 5. RIPARIAN FOREST Riparian Forest -Trees, Shrubs and Woody lianas FamilyScientific NameVerniculer NameLife FormConservation StatusSpecies StrataCanopy Strata AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmbaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadullaTreeEndemicCDSub Canopy AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBalaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ApocynaceaePagiantha dichotomaDivi kaduruTreeNativeCDSub Canopy ClusiaceaeGarcinia morellaGorakaTreeNativeDCanopy ClusiaceaeGarcinia spicataEla-gokatu/GonapanaTreeNativeDCanopy CombretaceaeTerminalia arjunaKubukTreeNativeDCanopy DilleniaceaeDillenia indicaDiya-paraTreeNativeCDUnderstory DilleniaceaeDillenia retusaGoda-paraTreeNativeCDUnderstory EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltataaKendaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisHampirillaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus myrtifolius Ganga-werellaShrubEndemicGVUnderstory EuphorbiaceaeDimorphocalyx glabellusWelivennaSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy FabaceaeAcacia caesiaHinguru welWoody LianaNative FabaceaePongamia pinnataMagul KarandaTreeNativeDCanopy FabaceaeCentrosema pubescensCentroLianaNative FabaceaeDelbergia pseudo-sissooBababara welWoody LianaNative FabaceaeDerris scandensKala welWoody LianaNative FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus veneataMakuluTreeEndemicDCanopy HippocrateaceaeSalacia reticulataHimbutuWoody ClimberNativeGVUnderstory LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daulaTreeNativeCD/GVSub Canopy/Understory MalpighiaceaeHiptage bengalensisPuwak-gediya-welWoody LianaNative MelastomataceaeMemecylon angustifoliumKora kahaWoody ShrubNativeCD/GVUnderstory MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolataKiri-koneTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MoraceaeFicus hispidaKotadimbulaTreeNativeGVUnderstory MoraceaeFicus microcarpaPanu-nugaTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeFicus tinctoriaWal-ahetuTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti GasTreeNativeDCanopy MoraceaeStreblus asperGeta NithulTreeNativeCDSub Canopy MyrtaceaeSyzygium operculatumBata-dambaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy PandanaceaePandanus zeylanicusWeta-keyyaShrubNativeGVUnderstory PiperaceaePiper sylvestreWal-gammirisClipersEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus lucidaEraminiaWoody LianaEndemic RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenopliaHeena-eraminiyaWoody LianaNative RubiaceaeMussaenda frondosaMussandaWoody ShrubNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeIxora coccineaRathmalWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RubiaceaeMitragyna parvifoliaHalambaTreeNativeCDSub Canopy RubiaceaeNauclea orientalisBuk meeTreeNativeCDSub Canopy RutaceaeAtalantia ceylanicaYakinaranWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory RutaceaeMurraya paniculataAtteriyaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory SapindaceaeAllophylus cobbeKobbeSmall TreeNativeCDSub Canopy SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKonTreeNativeCDCanopy SapotaceaeMadhuca longifoliaMeeTreeNativeDCanopy SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelanTreeNativeCO/GVSub Canopy/Understory VerbenaceaeClerodendrum infortunatumGas-pinnaWoody ShrubNativeGVUnderstory VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMillaTreeNativeDCanopy Note: The canopy and species stratas were added according to observations. It indicates only its present canopy species stratas during the observation period not the original stratas Species Strata: D-Dominant, CD-Co-dominant, GV-Ground vegetation PART II. EVALUATION OF FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY A detailed survey was conducted to evaluate the animal diversity in the land. The animal diversity in the different vegetation types were recorded. The details are discussed in the following section. The composition of butterfly, birds, amphibians, reptiles. Fish and mammals were recorded during the survey. The common name, zoological name, family to which species belong and conservation status was recorded. The summary Table shown below indicates that there is a high animal diversity in the proposed land. It also consist of reasonable number of endemic/threatened species. Summary: Animal species recorded from the proposed land. Vegetation typeButterflyFishAmphibianReptileBirdsMammals Species38O405234819 Family080304082612 Conservation status010000040405 Butterfly species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna PapilionidaeTroides darsiusCommon BirdwingE,TR1100 Pachliopta hectorCrimson Rose1110 Pachiopta aristolochiaeCommon Rose1110 Papilio crinoBanded Peacock1100 Papilio demoleusLime Butterfly0110 Papilio polymnestorBlue Mormon1100 Papilio polytesCommon Mormon0100 Graphium dosonCommon Jay1100 Graphium agamemnonTailed Jay0010 PiearidaeLeptosia ninaPsyche0010 Delias eucharisJezebel0010 Belenois aurotaPioneer0010 Appias albinaCommon Albatross0110 Appias paulinaLesser Albatross1110 Catpsilia pomonaLemon Eigrant0110 Eurema brigittaSmall Grass Yellow0110 Eurema hecabeCommon Grass Yellow0110 DanaidaeIdea similisBlue Glassy Tiger0110 Parantica agleaGlassy Tiger0110 Danaus ChrysisppusPlain Tiger0110 Danaus GenutiaCommon Tiger0110 Euploea coreCommon Crow1110 NymphalidaeJunonia iphitaChocolate Soldier1110 Hypolimnas bolinaCommon Egg fly1100 Neptis hylasCommon Sailor1110 Cethosia nietneriCeylon lace Wing0010 Polyura athamasNawab0100 Charaxes solonBlack Rajah0100 AcraeidaeCirrochroa thais Yeoman0100 SatyridaeAcraea violaeTawny Costar0110 Melanitis ledaCommon Evening Brown1100 Orsotriaena medusNigger Brown0110 Nissanga patniaGlad eye Bush brown0110 LycaenidaeYpthima ceylonicaWhite Four-ring0110 Talicada nyseusRed pierrot0100 Prosotas noraCommon lineblue0010 Zizeeria karsandraDark Grass blue0100 HesperiidaeSuastus gremiusIndian Paim Bob0100 Fish species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna CyprinidaePuntius bimaculatus0001 Rasbora Sp. 0001 SiluridaeWallago attu0001 ChannidaeChanna grachua0001 Amphibian species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservationNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks BufonidaeBufo melonostictusCommon House Toad1110Adult, Juvenile MicrohylidaeMicrohyla ornataOrnate narrow mouth frog0001 RanidaeEuphlyctis cyanophlyctisSkipper Frog0001 Limnonectes limnocharisCommon Faddy Field frog0001 RhacophoridaePolypedates maculatuesCommon Tree frog1000 Reptile species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks AgamidaeCalotes calotesGreen Garden Lizard1000 Calotes versicolourHome-garden Lizards1010 Otocryptis wiegmanniSri Lanka Kangaroo LizardE,TR1100 GekkonidaeCnemaspis scalpensisRocky Day-geckoE1110 Gehyra mutilata Common House gecko0010 Hemidactylus leschenaultiiBark gecko1000 ScincidaeLankascincus sp. Lanka skinkE,TR1000 Mabuya maculariaSpotted skink0110 VaranidaeVaranus bengalensisLand Monitor0010 Varanus salvatorWater monitor0100 BoidaePhython molurusIndian Python1010 ColubridaeAhaetulla nasutaGreen vine snake1100 Dendrelaphis tristisCommon bronze back1100 Elaphe helenaTrinket snake1000 Ptyas mucosusCommon Rat Snake0010 Atretium schistosumOlive keelback watersnake0001 Boiga forsteniForstens cat snake0010 Macropisthodon plumbicolorGreen keelback0010 Family:ElapidaeNaja najaIndian Cobra0010 Bungarus caeruleusCommon karait0010 Family:ViperidaeHypnale hypnaleHump nosed Viper1100 Trimeresurus trigonocephalusGreen Pit ViperE,TR1100 Vipera ruselliRussells Viper1110 Bird species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna PhasianidaeGallus lafayettiiSri lanka jungle fowlE1110 PicidaeDinopium benghalense psarodesRed-backed woodpecker1110 MegalaimidaeMagalaima zelanicaBrown-headed barbet1110 Megalaima haelamimaCoppersmith barbet1110 BucerotidaeOcyceros gingalensisSri lanka gray hornbillE,TR1010 HalcyonidaeHalcyon smyrnensisWhite-breasted kingfisher0100 AlcedinidaeAlcedo atthisCommon Kingfisher0100 MeropidaeMerops leschenaultiChest-headed bee-eater0010 CuculidaeHierococcyx variusCommon hawk Cuckoo1010 Eudynamys scolopaceaAsian Koel1100 CentropodidaeCentropus sinensisGreater coucal1010 PsittacidaePsittacula krameriRose-ringed parakeet1110 Loriculus beryllinusSri lanka hanging parrotE,TR1110 HemiprocnidaeHemiprocne longipennisCrested treeswift1110 StrigidaeKetupa zeylonensisBrown fish owl0100 ColumbidaeStreptopelia chinensisSpotted dove0010 Chalcophaps indicaEmerald dove1100 Treron pompadoraPompadour Green-pigeon0100 CharadriidaeVanellus indicusRed-wattled Lapwing0010 AccipitridaeSpilornis cheela Crested serpent eagale0010 Accipter badiusShikra0110 Haliaeetus leucogasterWhite-bellied Sea-eagle0100 PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocorax fuscicollisIndian Cormorant0101 CiconiidaeCiconia episcopusWoolly-necked Stork0100 LaniidaeLanius cristatusBrown Shrike0010 CorvidaeOriolus xanthornusBlack-hooded oriole1100 Dicrurus caerulescensWhite-bellied drongo1110 Corvus macrorhynchosLarge-billed crow0100 MuscicapidaeTerpsiphone paradisiAsian paradise-flycatcher1100 Rhipidura aureolaWhite-browed fantail flycatcher1000 Copsychus malabaricusWhite-rumped shama1100 Copsychus saularisOriental magpie robin0010 Saxicoloides fulicataBlack-backed robin0110 SturnidaeAcridotheres tristisCommon myna0010 PycnonotidaePycnonotus melanicterusBlack-crested Bulbul1100 Pycnonotus caferRed-vented bulbul1110 Iole indicaYellow-browed Bulbul1100 CisticolidaePrinia socialisAshy prinia0010 Prinia inornataPlain priniya0010 SylviidaeOrthotomus sutoriusCommon Tailorbird1110 PellorneumfuscocapillumBrown-capped babblerE,TR1100 Rhopocichla atricepsDark-fronted babbler1100 Turdoides affinisCommon babbler1110 NectariniidaeDicaem agileThick-billed flowerpecker1110 Netarinia zelonicaPurple-ramped sunbird1100 Netarinia loteniaLong-billed sunbird0100 Netarinia asiaticaPurple sunbird1100 PasseridaeLonchura striataWhite-ramped munia1000 Lonchura punctulataScaly-breasted munia0010 Mammal species. FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation statusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream faunaRemarks CercopithecidaeMacaca sinica Toque Monkey1110 Trachypithecus vetulusPurple-faced leaf monkeyE,TR1100 ManidaeManis crassicaidataIndian Pangolin 110Feeding signs PteropodidaePteropus giganteusFlying Fox0100 ScuridaeRatufa macroura Ceylon Giant Squirrel1100 Funambulus palmarumCeylon Palm Squirrel1100 Hystericidae Hystrix indicaIndian Porcupine1010Indirect observation ViverridaeParadoxurus hermaphroditusCommon Indian Palm-Cat1100 Herpestes fuscus Ceylon Brown Mongoose1010 Herpestes smithi Ceylon Ruddy Mongoose0010 FelidaePanthera pardusLeopardTR1110 Felis viverrinaIndian Fishing CatTR1111 Felis rubiginosaCeylon Rusty-Spotted CatTR1110 ElephantidaeElephas maximusElephantTR1110 Suidae Sus scrofa Indian Wild Pig1110Feeding signs TragulidaeTragulus meminnaIndian Mouse 1110 Cervidae Cervus unicolorSambur1110Feeding signs Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer1110Indirect observation LeporidaeLepus nigricollisBlack-naped hare1110Indirect observation Key- E-Endemic species; TR-Threatened Faunal Diversity: In addition to observations of the study team following faunal species were identified based on the discussions with villagers. Table: Fish Species FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservationNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna Remarks Status AnguillidaeAnguilla bicolourLevel finned-eel 0000Impromation Puntius dorsalisLong-snouted Barb 0001Impromation Tor khudreeMahseer 0001Impromation CobitidaeLepidocephalichthys thermalisCommon Loach 0001Impromation GobiidaeAwaous melanocephalusScribbled Goby 0001Impromation Table: Amphibian species FamilySPECIESCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiverrine forestSavana forestStream fauna Remarks Microhylidae Ramanella veriegataSpadefoot Toad 1000Impromation RanidaeHoplobatrachus crassusJerdons Bullfrog 010 Impromation Rana temporalisBronzed Frog 110 Table: Reptile species FamilyCOMMON NAMEConservation StatusNatural ForestRiparian forestSavanna forestStream faunaRemarks Colubridae Brown vine snake 1110Villages Importations Boulenger. s bronze back 1000Villages Importations Gamma cat snake 1010Villages Importations PART III: VALUING THE TIMBER RESOURCES: Monetary value of the standing timber volume of the proposed land was estimated. Total height (m) and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH in cm) of trees were was measured to estimate the standing tree volume. 1000m2 plots were used measure the trees in each vegetation type. The summary of the calculations are shown below: Summary: Value of standing timber (at 6the currant market rates) Vegetation typeTimber value per acreNo of AcresTotal value of trees (Rs. mil) Primary forest6. 34 mil3051933. 70 Secondary forest3. 146 mil80251. 68 Savanna0. 338 mil19565. 91 Riparian0. 588 mil4325. 28 Kumbuk trees in the riparian39. 18 mil (198 trees)-39. 18 Grand total2315. 75 1. PRIMARY FOREST Composition: Primary forest (10x100m) FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees AnacardiaceaeSemicarpus obscuraBadulla35,43,45,518,10,11,134 AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBala30,33,38,46,487,8,10,12,125 ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk-aththana32-5612-188 BignoniaceaeStereospermum personatumDunu madala36-6310-166 ClusiaceaeGarcinia morellaGoraka23,37,449,11,143 CombretaceaeTerminalia belliricaBulu57,72,85,8715,18,25,264 EuphorbiaceaeMacaranga peltaaKenda36,3910,122 EuphorbiaceaeMallotus philippensisGulu kenda26,37,39,418,9,11,124 EuphorbiaceaeMischodon zeylanicusThammana33,387,92 EuphorbiaceaeDrypetes sepiariaWeera42,53,5711,13,153 FabaceaeAlbizzia odoratissimaHuri Mara36,42,46,558,9,10,134 FabaceaeCassia siameaWa31,35,36,45,4711,13,13,15,154 HernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gas52,55,61,739,11,12,145 LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaKudu-daula33,3712,132 MeliaceaeWalsura piscidaKiri-kon36,38,46,508,8,12,144 MoraceaeAntiaris toxicariaRiti Gas48,52,63,68,7115-275 RubiaceaeAdina cordifoliaKolon31-7411-1812 RutaceaeChloroxylon swieteniaBurutha37. 42,45,48,6110-225 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla53-8515-239 UlmaceaeCeltis cinnamomiaGurenda54,6810,172 SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelambu37-5610-147 VerbenaceaePremna tomentosaSeru26,29,305,7,7,3 SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKon42-7813-267 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelang22-565-259 2. SECONDARY FOREST Secondary forest: Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmba30-5010-255 AnacardiaceaeNothopegia beddomeiBala18-5010-282 CombretaceaeTerminalia bellericaBulu38-8518366 EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKetakela20-558-207 FabaceaeTamarindus indicaSiyambala30-7512-223 FabaceaeCassis spectabilisKahakona22-408-156 FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus venenataMakulu30-8016-323 LauraceaeNeolitsea cassiaDaul-kurundu20-6512-258 MagnoliaceaeMichelia champacaSapu23-7510-253 MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKos26-9015-302 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelan25-7812-323 TiliaceaeGrewia damineDamaniya18-5710-225 TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHalmilla16-4910-254 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla21-5112-284 FabaceaeCassia fistulaEhela22-488-145 EuphorbiaceaeMalotus philippensisHampirilla,Gulukenda31-548-163 3. SAVANNA FOREST Savanna: Composition: 10x100m plot Common NameNo of trees under different D. B. H. (cm) classesTotal ; 5 cm5 cm 15 cm15 cm -30 cm30 cm 50 cm Dawu38111032 Myila22 Kahata11 Wal Gammalu235 Bulu123 Aralu11 Debara2215 Total410191649 4. RIPARIAN FOREST Riparian Forest (Section A): Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD. B. H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees AnacardiaceaeMangifera indicaAmba30,35,637,9,153 SapindaceaeSchleichera oleosaKon34-5613-215 AnacardiaceaeMangifera zeylanicaEtamba39-9515-286 SapotaceaeMadhuka longifoliaMee41-9015-3210 ClusiaceaeGarcinias pp. Gonapana38-5611,14,153 ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholarisRuk attana33,54,5914,17,193 HernandiaceaeGyrocarpus americanusHama-gas37,44,48,5313,14,16,174 SterculiaceaeSterculia foetidaThelmbu43,4718,182 FabaceaeHamboltia laurifoliaGalkaranda31131 AnacardiaceaeSemecarpus obscuraBadulla34,28,399,11,133 EbenaceaeDiospyros quercitaKalumediriya36121 TiliaceaeBerrya cordifoliaHalmilla23,349,112 MeliaceaeWalsura trifoliolata( W. piscidia)Kirikoon28,36,36,329,10,10,104 ArecaaeaeCaryota urensKithul4191 DipterocarpaceaeHopea cordifoliaUva-Mandora47-7320-355 SapindaceaeSapindus trifoliusKahapenala2981 EuphorbiaceaeBridelia retusaKetakela32,369,102 Riparian Forest (Section B): Composition: 10x100m plot FamilyNameCommon NameD,B,H. (cm)Height (m)No. of Trees FlacourtiaceaeHydnocarpus veneataMakulu60,30,3520,8,123 SterculiaceaePterospermum suberifoliumWelan35,5014,122 VerbenaceaeVitex altissimaMilla30,70,60,7010,18,15,184 EuphorbiaceaePhyllanthus indicusKaraw40,4510,92 FabaceaePongamia pinnataMagul Karanda30101 SapotaceaeMadhuka longifoliaMee45,35,40,7015,12,12,184 AnacardiaceaeNethopegia beddomeiBala40,309,122 MoraceaeArtocarpus heterophyllusKos50121 EbenaceaeDiospyros malabaricaThimbiri30,4015,182 MyristicaceaeMyristica dactyloidesMalaboda50211 SapindaceaeDymorcarpus longanaMora60151 DipterocarpaceaeHopea cordifoliaUva-Mandora80,7521,182 FabaceaeEntada pusaethaPus wel30100 ;1 Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) trees in the river bank. No of Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) trees under different D. B. H. cm) classes Area30- 60 cm60- 75 cm75 100 cm 100 -130 cm 130 -160 cm160 200 cm200 cm;Total Area A1111516132058 Area B 121113854154 Area C 12741030036 Area D 98181220150 Sub total442750462362 Grand total198 No of Kumbuk (Terminalia arjuna) trees un der different height (m) classes Area (as marked on the map);5m5-10m10-15m15-20m20-25m25-30m30m;Sub total Area A071717134058 Area B 03292812054 Area C 0346176036 Area D 02312293150 Sub total015264487251 Grand total198 Part IV. Medicinal plants: Medicinal plants recorded from the Dadayampola land (71 species) is shown in the following Table: Medicinal plants recorded from the Dadayampola land. Botanic nameFamilyCommon Name 1Acacia caesiaFabaceaeHinguru wel Achyranthes asperaAmaranthaceaeGas Karal Heba 3Aconitum spp. AraceceAthudian 4Acronychia pedunculataRutaceaeUn kenda 5Adina cordifoliaRubiaceaeKolon 6Ageratum conyzoidesAsteraceaeHulan thala 7Allophylus cobbeSapindaceaeKobbe 8Alstonia scholarisApocynaceaeRuk-aththana 9Atalantia ceylanicaRutaceaeYakinaran 10Bauhinia racemosaFabaceaeMyila 11Bridelia retusaEuphorbiaceaeKetakela 12Careya arboreaLaecythidacaeaeKahata 13Cassia fistulaFabaceaeEhela 14Cipadessa baccifera MeliaceaeHalbabiya 15Clerodendrum infortunatumVerbenaceaeGas-pinna 16Clitoria ternatiaFabaceaeKata rodu 17Cyclea peltataMenispermaceaeKasipiththan 18Delbergia pseudo-sissooFabaceaeBababara wel 19Derris scandensFabaceaeKala wel 0Desmodium triflorumFabaceaeHeen udupiyali 21Dillenia indicaDilleniaceaeDiya-para 22Dillenia retusaDilleniaceaeGoda-para 23Elephantopus scaberAsteraceaeAth adi 24Entada pusaethaFabaceaePus wel 25Euphorbia hirtaEuphorbiaceaeBu-dada-kiriya 26Ficus hispidaMoraceaeKotadimbula 27Garcinia morellaClusiaceaeGoraka 28Garcinia spicataClusiaceaeEla-gokatu/Gonapana 29Grewia oriantalisTiliaceaeWel Kelia 30Helicteres isoraSterculiaceaeLihiniya 31Horsfieldia iryaghedhiMyristicaceaeRuk 32Ixora coccineaRubiaceaeRathmal 33Justicia betonica AcanthaceaeSudu puruk 34Leucas zeylanicaLabiataeThumba 35Litsea glutinosaLauraceaeBomee 36Madhuca longifoliaSapotaceaeMee 37Mangifera zeylanicaAnacardiaceaeEtamba 8Memecylon angustifoliumMelastomataceaeKora kaha 39Mikania cordataAsteraceaeGahala wel 40Mimosa pudicaFabaceae 41Mitragyna parvifoliaRubiaceaeHal amba 42Murraya paniculataRutaceaeAtteriya 43Mussaenda frondosaRubiaceaeMussanda 44MyristicadactyloidesMyristicaceaeMalabada 45Nauclea orientalisRubiaceaeBuk mee 46Neolitsea cassiaLauraceaeKudu-daula 47Ochna lanceolataOchnaceaeBo kera 48Pagiantha dichotomaApocynaceaeDivi kaduru 49Pandanus zeylanicusPandanaceaeWeta-keyya 50Phyllanthus amarusEuphorbiaceaePitawakka 51Phyllanthus emblicaEuphobiaceaeNelli 52Phyllanthus myrtifolius EuphorbiaceaeGanga-werella 53Pongamia pinnataFabaceaeMagul Karanda 54Pterocarpus indicusFabaceaeWal Gammalu 5Salacia reticulataHippocrateaceaeHimbutu 56Sapindus trifoliusSapindaceaeKahapenala 57Sida acutaMalvaceaeGas Bevila 58Sida veronicifoliaMalvaceaeBevila 59Sterculia foetidaSterculiaceaeThelambu 60Streblus asperMoraceaeGeta Nithul 61Tamarindus indicaFabaceaeSiyambala 62Terminalia arjunaCombretaceaeKubuk 63Terminalia belliricaCombretaceaeBulu 64Terminalia chebulaCombretaceaeAralu 65Urena lobataMalvaceaePatta apela 66Vernonia cinereaAsteraceaeMonara kudumbiya 67Vitex negundoVerbenaceaeNika 68Walsura trifoliolata (W. piscida)MeliaceaeKiri-kon 69Woodfordia fruticosaLythraceaeMaliththa 70Ziziphus oenopliaRhamnaceaeHeena-eraminiya 71Zizyphus mauritianaRhamnaceaeDembara GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE LAND OF PROPOSED ECHO -TOURISM SITE AT DADAYAMPOLA, THIRIWANA KANDA, BERAGALA Introduction The proposed site situated at Dadayampola village, bound to the left bank of Kalkanna Oya, and just above the Weli Oya Annicut. The site area is accessible from Balangoda via Kaltota, Medabedda and from Beragala junction via Thiriwanagama (Map 1-Location Map). Geological background of the site Geologically, this area belongs to Highland Complex and most high grade metamorphic rocks can be identified in and around the proposed project area. The rock types commonly found belongs to highland complex are, Garnet Sillimanite Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble, Calc gneiss, Charnockite etc. (Figure 2-Geology map). Apart from those highland complex rocks, there are some rocks which are belongs to Wanni complex, such as Pink granitoid gneiss, Pegmatitic granitoid gneiss and Hornblende Biotite gneiss. The area around proposed land is rich with very complex geological structures, among those, local thrusts, Synforms, antiforms, shear zones and lineaments are remarkable. As this area lies to the 2nd Peniplan (Witanage,1972) Northern direction to the study area, high cliffs and escarpments can be observed, which exists between 3rd and 2nd peniplan. Displacement of rock strata along faults, highly crushed (Mylonite) newly formed week rock layers, fault gouge and mobilized marble beds represent neo-tectonic movements of the area. As a result of this complex geological situation, gems and other precise mineral deposits can be expected in the surrounding area. But still those are not well identified and there are some deposits already known, i. e. Corundum, Tufa, Calcite, Feldspar (Fig. 2) Figure 1: Complex geological structures represent neo-tectonic activities of the area, foreign (dark) fragment embedded in local host rock Figure 2: Abandoned gem pit. That represent near by villages have discovered the availability of precise minerals in the area This complex geological setting is represented by the extremely complex rock strata orientations in the area. Dipping and strike of rock beds greatly vary in the vicinity. Within the proposed site area, impure and pure quartzites, Marble, Charnockitic gneiss, and Pink Granitoid gneiss rock beds are identifiable. Those rocks in the site are trending N70? W with the dipping vertically. One prominent joint system was observed as N10? E with vertical dipping. Stream network of the area is purely controlled by the geological structures. Figure 3: Highly jointed, vertical dipping Mable rock in the Kalkan Oya bed. Figure 4: Stream network of the area is completely controlled by the geological structures. Figure 5: The area is rich with geological structures and geomorphological features. The Ubmagala rock, from the proposed site Apart from geology, geomorphology is important for the effect of natural hazards in the area. Although the area is situated under the 3rd peniplane, there was no observations of previous occurrence of landslide activities. The area is covered with residual soil derived from parent rocks except closer to the stream. A strip of river bank (not always) is alluvial deposit, which was transported from the river. Therefore availability of precise gem minerals is high in this area. But this was not studied well yet. Distribution of slope is presented in the Map 3 (Slope map), and that clearly shows majority of slopes in proposed project area is less than 30 degree. This is very favorable for hazard free environment. Discussion / conclusion In the point of geological view, this area is a paradise for earth scientists. Undiscovered geological, mineralogical and structural geological features may give an advantage for a echo-tourism project with hazard free environment. Observed features related to neo-tectonic movements may need further study by earth scientists. According to the literature, concept of well un-proved symotogenic up-warping (Vithanage,1972) and availability of high precise gem minerals in the area can be explored with this proposed project. M. I. D. H. Wijewickrama, B. Sc(hons)-geology, P. G. Dip-Eng. Geology, M. Sc. -GIS and Remote Sensing Consultant Geologist